Pregnancy day care is a cost-effective method of providing care for women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Women prefer day care to inpatient care.
In the National Incident Management System (NIMS) Document dated March 1, 2004, all federal, state, local, tribal, private sector and non-governmental personnel with a direct role in emergency management and response were required to be NIMS and Incident Command System (ICS) trained. National standards for qualification and certification of emergency response personnel were established under NIMS to ensure that personnel possess the minimum knowledge, skills, and experience necessary to execute incident management and emergency response activities safely and effectively. Most recently documented in the National Response Framework, all mid-level managers of federal, state, and local governmental personnel are encouraged to complete ICS-300 and ICS-400 training in fiscal year 2007. Although these standards will greatly improve the ability for governmental personnel to respond in emergencies, private sector personnel are not regulated to participate in the same qualification and certification process. At this time, NIMS has no legal authority to place these requirements on industry personnel, such as members of oil spill management teams. The resulting imbalance of qualification and certification requirements between these two groups could severely hinder oil spill response efforts in the near future by causing miscommunication in the Unified Command during critical points in the response, including when setting response objectives and sharing resources. However, the solution cannot be to pass further governmental regulations on an already highly-regulated community. The NIMS Integration Center should consider utilizing the existing partnerships in individual regions, particularly through the Area Committee and the Area Maritime Security Committee, to solve this issue before it becomes a significant problem in the middle of a large-scale response effort.
With the promulgation of the Coast Guard's requirement for Geographic Response Strategies (GRS) Tiered Validation levels, oil spill modeling transitioned from being a reactive tool to a predictive instrument that can guide the placement of limited mission critical resources (boom, boats, personnel, skimmers, etc.) based on threats from current or forecasted operations. In collaboration with the RPS Group, the Coast Guard's Sector Delaware Bay and District Five, members of the Coast Guard Academy employed the OILMAP Oil Spill Modelling Program with ArcGIS to test and validate operational Area Contingency Plan's (ACP) Geographic Response Strategies (GRS). OILMAP is a rapid and effective modelling system that allows for accurate observation of oil movement and weathering. The scenarios were manipulated to effectively test the booming strategies currently in place and worst-case winds at 5 and 10 knots were utilized. The project also identified discrepancies with projected strategies due to changes in the environment. In subsequent studies, the OILMAP output layers of shoreline oiling and oil particle location were combined with the publicly available Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) shoreline data to quantify the impact of booming strategies. The success observed in both the qualitative and quantitative analysis show great promise in the future of establishing a methodology to optimize booming strategies based on data-driven scenarios tailored to each unique spill, season and weather condition.
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