Female mammals employ reproductive strategies (e.g., internal gestation) that result in power asymmetries specific to intersexual dyads. Because the number of eggs available for fertilization at any given time for most mammals is quite limited, having a fertilizable egg is potentially an important source of economic power for females. Control over mating opportunities is a source of intersexual leverage for female Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). We examined economic factors thought to influence the value of mating opportunities, and, thus, the extent of female leverage: kinship and market effects. Using a longitudinal dataset of agonistic interactions collected during focal animal sampling of all adult individuals in 10 social groups from 2008 to 2019, we tested the effects of relatedness, female parity, reproductive season, and adult sex ratio (population and group) on (1) the direction of submissive signaling and (2) which sex won a contested resource. While 96% of the acts of submission were directed from males toward females, females only won a third of their conflicts with males. Thus, our study has implications for evolutionary explanations of female-biased power. If female power evolved due to their greater need for food and other resources, then intersexual conflicts would be expected to result in males more consistently relinquishing control of resources. As expected, males were more likely to chatter submissively toward successful mothers, during the mating season, and when the sex ratio was male-biased. Although females generally had less power to win a conflict when their fertilizable egg was less valuable (when they were nulliparous or unsuccessful mothers or when interacting with male kin) and with an increasing female-bias in the sex ratio, this ability to win additionally was influenced by which sex initiated the conflict. Our study demonstrates that female leverage can be influenced by the supply and demand for mating opportunities, but evoking submission does not translate into winning a resource. Indeed, intersexual power is dynamic, contextual, and dependent on the individuals in the dyad.
A variety of animals have been shown to make confidence judgments about their own knowledge or performance, but the mechanism for these metacognitive decisions is still debated. Much of the work on animal metacognitive abilities has been to rule out alternative, non-introspective mechanisms such as associative learning, behavioral cue association, or environmental cue association. However, the human metacognition literature has shown that even humans often do not use true introspection or directly access their own memory to make metacognitive judgments-they sometimes use heuristic strategies based on perceptual salience. Often these heuristic strategies are inaccurate and cause metacognitive errors. Here we offer a new route to testing animal metacognitive abilities by comparing the fragility of human and animal metacognition. We show that monkeys' confidence judgments, like those of humans, are at least partly based on salient perceptual features of the stimuli and susceptible to faulty heuristics.
Os cuidados paliativos figuram com desígnio de assegurar a qualidade de vida do enfermo, bem como de seus acompanhantes no decorrer do recurso terapêutico, envolvendo além de mecanismos biológicos, instrumentos psicossociais e espirituais. Ademais, a escuta qualificada é uma competência imprescindível para viabilizar momentos reconfortantes para todos envolvidos. Como objetivo esta pesquisa evidenciou a importância dos cuidados paliativos aos pacientes oncológicos, uma vez que nesse momento, tais cuidados poderão ser realizados de forma humanística, para eles e sua família. Constitui uma revisão bibliográfica em que foram selecionadas as bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE, contemplando todos os artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, entre os anos 2017 e 2022. A busca ativa para verificação de dados foi amparada pela utilização de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, com a finalidade de se tornar mais efetiva. Utilizando-se todos os aparatos para a busca de dados, obteve-se 181 artigos, destes apenas 15 foram aplicados à discussão. A pesquisa concerne aos cuidados paliativos relacionados à humanização. Nesse processo dispõe de uma atuação multiprofissional para que seja o mais efetivo possível, como forma de valorizar a autonomia do indivíduo e seus familiares em um momento de acolhimento de toda equipe profissional. Nesse sentido, fica evidente que os cuidados paliativos devem ser singulares e personalizados de acordo com as características de cada paciente e o estágio em que se encontra. A positividade das ações de manutenção à qualidade de vida, priorizando os desejos do indivíduo e da família, atrelada a empatia dos profissionais para com as pessoas em sua nova realidade, colabora para o bem-estar físico e emocional. A atenção ao paciente oncológico, portanto, não deve ser generalizada, estabelecendo a necessidade de profissionais humanizados e preparados para atender o paciente e seus acompanhantes.
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