Aims. KiSS1 is a metastasis suppressor gene associated with inhibition of cellular chemotaxis and invasion attenuating the metastasis in melanoma and breast cancer cell lines. Along the KiSS-1 gene at least 294 SNPs have been described; however the association of these polymorphisms as genetic markers for metastasis in breast cancer studies has not been investigated. Here we describe two simple PCR-RFLPs protocols to identify the rs5780218 (9DelT) and the rs12998 (E20K) KiSS1 polymorphisms and the allelic, genotypic, and haplotypic frequencies in Mexican general population (GP) and patients with benign breast disease (BBD) or breast cancer (BC). Results. The rs5780218 polymorphism was individually associated with breast cancer (P = 0.0332) and the rs12998 polymorphism shows statistically significant differences when GP versus case (BC and BBD) groups were compared (P < 0.0001). The H1 Haplotype (G/-) occurred more frequently in BC group (0.4256) whereas H2 haplotype (G/T) was the most prevalent in BBD group (0.4674). Conclusions. Our data indicated that the rs5780218 polymorphism individually confers susceptibility for development of breast cancer in Mexican population and a possible role as a genetic marker in breast cancer metastasis for H1 haplotype (Wt/variant) in KiSS1 gene must be analyzed in other populations.
Ixodicides resistance of ticks is one of the most important problems for the livestock industry in tropical and subtropical regions, mainly due to the increase in cases of multiple resistance in all families of the ixodicides used. Molecular markers such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been proposed to identify the resistance to ixodicides in . Many studies have recently been conducted using SNPs and other types of molecular markers to determine if they are associated with resistance to different products in many parts of the world. Knowing these changes at the molecular level, will allow to establish mechanisms and control strategies for the use of ixodicides. In this review, we will discuss and describe the different SNPs and other polymorphisms associated with resistance in
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