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RESUMENLos países latinoamericanos tienen en común la persistente diferencia entre los resultados académicos de los estudiantes según su clase social. El presente ensayo se refiere a la relación entre el concepto de resiliencia y el aprendizaje en contextos de vulnerabilidad social. Se argumenta que este concepto permite comprender y analizar este fenómeno en su profundidad, de manera de contribuir a la búsqueda de mejores oportunidades de aprendizaje para todos. La promoción de la resiliencia académica resulta, en consecuencia, un objetivo clave para los sistemas educativos en vías de desarrollo. Junto con un recorrido por las definiciones más recientes de la resiliencia, se desarrolla una definición operativa del concepto para analizar el caso de la motivación y su relación con la comprensión lectora. Finalmente, se discute cómo fomentar la resiliencia en el medio escolar.Palabras clave: comprensión lectora, motivación, resiliencia, vulnerabilidad. ACADEMIC RESILIENCE, NEW PERSPECTIVES OF INTERPRETING LEARNING IN CONTEXTS OF SOCIAL VULNERABILITY

Few studies have addressed vocabulary quality in developing writing skill in Spanish. Even less addressed it within the Chilean educational system. The specific objective of this study was to characterize, using a comprehensive set of indicators, the quality of the vocabulary produced by Chilean 4th grade students. Based on a national writing survey, a sample of 2056 texts written by 685 students was collected (narrative, persuasive, and informative texts). Current literature defines lexical quality as a composite of diverse factors that, while distinct, are interrelated. To represent the properties of the vocabulary, a set of indicators were selected: (a) lexical diversity; (b) lexical sophistication; and (c) lexical density. Using multilevel modeling (students and schools as levels 1 and 2) to explain a global writing score we found that diversity was a significant determinant for narrative and persuasive texts, density was a significant determinant for the three genres and sophistication was a significant determinant for narrative and expository text. In addition, indicators related to gender and socioeconomic conditions were only significant determinants of narrative stories. The parts of speech most often used also varied according to the purpose of each text. In all genres, words had a short extension and were very sensitive to the input presented in the stimuli. These results imply a significant challenge to this education system: how to promote the development of vocabulary in all children in order to support language learning.PIA-CONICYT Basal Funds for Centers of Excellence Project BF0003 CONICYT Project of Insertion of Advanced Human Capital in the Academy 7911200

RESUMENAunque posee una gran importancia en diversos aspectos de la escritura, la ortografía es un tema poco abordado en la investigación actual. Este artículo propone presentar un panorama exhaustivo, reciente y representativo del desempeño ortográfico de niños chilenos, para ser utilizado como insumo para su enseñanza. Para ello, se analizó una muestra estratificada proporcional desde una muestra representativa del país tomada en el piloto SIMCE de escritura del año 2008 en cuarto grado. Los resultados fueron luego interpretados desde perspectivas cognitivas, comunicativas y didácticas de la ortografía. Entre los principales hallazgos, destaca un alto porcentaje de palabras correctamente escritas, la concentración de los errores en unos pocos tipos y un mejor desempeño en el género carta de solicitud por sobre el cuento y la noticia. En conjunto, se sugiere focalizar la instrucción en los errores encontrados e insertarla en el desarrollo de textos en situaciones comunicativas.Palabras clave: escritura, educación básica, ortografía.ABSTRACT In spite of being important for several aspects of writing, orthography has been scarcely discussed in current research. This article presents a comprehensive, current and representative picture of the orthographic performance of fourth-grade Chilean students, in order to use this data to inform teaching. A stratified sample taken from the representative sample of the national assessment SIMCE writing pilot of 2008 was analyzed. The results were later interpreted in terms of cognitive, communicative and didactics approaches. Among the main findings, a high percentage of correctly written words and a better performance in the genre of the formal letter stand out significantly over the genres short story and news report. In sum, it is suggested to focus instruction on the mistakes found, rather than teaching norms; and to embed this instruction within experiences of writing in communicative situations.