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Coumarins are secondary metabolites that are widely distributed within the plant kingdom, some of which have been extensively studied for their antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activity of coumarins assayed in the present study was measured by different methods, namely the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•) method, cyclic voltammetry and the antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) method. The 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (LaSOM 78), 5-carboxy-7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (LaSOM 79), and 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (Esculetin) compounds proved to be the most active, showing the highest capacity to deplete the DPPH radicals, the highest antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, and the lowest values of potential oxidation.

Nanosponges are a novel class of hyperbranched cyclodextrin-based nanostructures that exhibits remarkable potential as a drug host system for the improvement in biopharmaceutical properties. This work aims the development of cyclodextrin-based nanosponge of norfloxacin to improve its physicochemical characteristics. β-cyclodextrin was used as base and diphenyl carbonate as crosslinker agent at different proportions to produce nanosponges that were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo techniques. The proportion cyclodextrin:crosslinker 1:2 M/M was chosen due to its higher encapsulation efficiency (80%), revealing an average diameter size of 40 nm with zeta potential of -19 mV. Norfloxacin-loaded nanosponges exhibited higher passage of norfloxacin in comparison to norfloxacin drug alone by Ussing chamber method. The nanosponge formulation also revealed a mucoadhesive property that could increase norfloxacin absorption thus improving its antibiotic activity in an in vivo sepsis model. Therefore, nanosponges may be suitable carrier of norfloxacin to maximize and facilitate oral absorption.

Ethnopharmacological relevance The subtribe Hyptidinae contains approximately 400 accepted species distributed in 19 genera ( Hyptis , Eriope , Condea , Cantinoa , Mesosphaerum , Cyanocephalus , Hypenia , Hyptidendron , Oocephalus , Medusantha , Gymneia , Marsypianthes , Leptohyptis , Martianthus , Asterohyptis , Eplingiella , Physominthe , Eriopidion and Rhaphiodon ). This is the Lamiaceae clade with the largest number of species in Brazil and high rates of endemism. Some species have been used in different parts of the world mainly as insecticides/pest repellents, wound healing and pain-relief agents, as well as for the treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. Aim of the review This review aims to discuss the current status concerning the taxonomy, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and biological properties of species which compose the subtribe Hyptidinae. Materials and methods The available information was collected from scientific databases (ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, ChemSpider, SciFinder ACS Publications, Wiley Online Library), as well as other literature sources (e.g. books, theses). Results The phytochemical investigations of plants of this subtribe have led to the identification of almost 300 chemical constituents of different classes such as diterpenes, triterpenes, lignans, α -pyrones, flavonoids, phenolic acids and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, as components of essential oils. Extracts, essential oils and isolated compounds showed a series of biological activities such as insecticide/repellent, antimicrobial and antinociceptive, justifying some of the popular uses of the plants. In addition, a very relevant fact is that several species produce podophyllotoxin and related lignans. Conclusion Several species of Hyptidinae are used in folk medicine for treating many diseases but only a small fraction of the species has been explored and most of the traditional uses have not been validated by current investigations. In addition, the species of the subtribe appear to be very promising as alternative sources of podophyllotoxin-like lignans which are the lead compounds for the semi-synthesis of teniposide and etoposide, important antineoplastic agents. Thus, there is a wide-open door for future studies, both to support the popular uses of the plants and to find new biologically active compoun...

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A new dimeric acylphloroglucinol, denudatin A (), was isolated from the flowering aerials parts of , along with the known phloroglucinols selancin A (), hyperbrasilol A (), uliginosin B (), and isouliginosin B (). The structure of was elucidated using 1D, 2D NMR, and MS experiments, and by comparison with previously reported data for dimeric acylphloroglucinols. Denudatin A () and selancin A () were administered orally to mice displaying antinociceptive activity in the hot plate test. The compounds did not induce motor impairment in the rotarod apparatus.

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