This investigation was carried out to determine the bioactive components present in Allium fistulosum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The GC-MS analysis of the aqueous extract of the plant identified D-Limonene, a cyclic monoterpene, as the most abundant bioactive compound in A. fistulosum with approximately 99% of the total yield. Minor bioactive constituents present in the plant as revealed by GC-MS analysis include dichloroacetic acid (0.48%), α-pinene (0.36%), 1-Buten-3-yne, 1chloro-, (Z)-(0.14%) and thymol, TMS derivative (0.07%). D-Limonene has been known to be commonly present in citrus peels, however, it is the first time this compound will be identified by GC-MS analysis as the major bioactive compound in A. fistulosum.
Phyllanthus amarus is one of the most important medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical nations which are used for stomach, liver, kidney and spleen diseases treatment. This work involves the elucidation of the phytochemical constituents in 70% ethanolic leaf extract of P. amarus. Phytochemical screening, quantitative and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were carried out on the extract. The qualitative and quantitative analyses showed the presence of the following phytochemicals and their contents in mg/100g of extract as phenolic (34.31 ± 0.07), tannin (21.15 ± 0.16), phlobatanin (26.36 ± 0.19), terpernoid (14.71 ± 0.14), steroid (20.37 ± 0.13), cardiac glycoside (20.15 ± 0.19) and alkaloid (23.90±0.05), and absence of flavonoids and saponins. 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester (Z,Z,Z)- (22.47%), Benzenamine, N-[2-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2-nitro- (12.68%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (12.63%), Beta Tocopherol (12.63%) and phytol (12.61%) were revealed by GC-MS as the major bioactive constituents. The results of this study validated the rich bioactive constituents in P. amarus which may be the reason the plant is being used for the treatment of various ailments.
Plumbago zeylanica, Linn. is an important plant with numerous medicinal values. This study was aimed to evaluate the biochemical and toxicological effects of the administration of the ethylacetate fraction of the methanolic extract of Plumbago zeylnica root (EAME). In sub-chronic study, extract doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight were administered orally in rats for 28 days. Biochemical and histological evaluations were carried out on the rats. At the highest dose of EAME, organ-body weight ratio increased by 170% in the liver, spleen by 85%, but reduced in kidney by 62%, lung 17% and heart 7%. In the plasma, administration of EAME at the highest dose increased the concentrations of protein by 11%, albumin 32%, glucose 153%, direct bilirubin 151%, total bilirubin 656%, creatinine 35% and uric acid 29%. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gammaglutamyltansferase were also increased by 6%, 39%, 76% and 46% respectively. The concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol were not significantly different (p>0.05) compared with the control. EAME induced histopathological alterations in the cellular architecture of the liver and lungs. Mild congestion in sinusoids and bile duct proliferation were observed in the liver, while the lung showed necrosis, oedema and haemorrhage. The alterations were more prominent in the lung of rats treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt. doses. No histopathological alteration was observed in the kidney. These findings indicate that EAME of P. zeylanica root contains bioactive compounds which are toxic to the organism but the action was organ specific.
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