The mass deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) may bring significant challenges to the electricity sector. However, many of these challenges can be converted into opportunities depending on how and when consumers decide to charge their vehicles. While there are currently multiple efforts worldwide investigating EV charging behaviour, these efforts measure the behaviour of EV early adopters and may not represent the actual behaviour of the mainstream consumer. The current study uses data from a survey with near a thousand Australian consumers to shed light on the potential similarities and differences between the charging needs and preferences of EV early adopters and mainstream consumers. We find that consumer groups vary in terms of charging needs, perceived access to residential charging, and acceptance of direct charging control and management by suppliers. Our conclusions point to (1) the need for campaigns that increase the awareness and understanding of residential EV charging by mainstream consumers, (2) the significant interest across all consumer groups in free workplace charging, which could together with residential demand management strategies leverage the use of solar energy for charging, and (3) the need for utility plans and management strategies that enhance the mainstream consumer sense of control over charging together with their perceived monetary savings. Lay summary: This study analyses data from a survey with near a thousand Australian consumers to investigate potential similarities and differences between the charging needs and preferences of current electric vehicle (EV) owners and future mainstream consumers. Our conclusions point to (1) the need for campaigns that increase the awareness and understanding of residential EV charging by mainstream consumers, (2) the significant interest across all consumer groups in free workplace charging, and (3) the need for utility plans and management strategies that enhance the mainstream consumer sense of control over charging together with their perceived monetary savings.
Agradeço a Deus. Aos meus amados pais Altamir e Marta pelo amor, ensinamentos, incentivos, paciência e pelos esforços nunca medidos. Ao meu primo Diego, pela amizade, união, companheirismo de vida e de trabalho. Aos meus familiares, em especial, a Ariel, Arlete, Lauriberto, Carol, Almir, Marcel, os quais ao longo de todo processo, sempre estiveram do meu lado.
Topographic networks are deployed in situations that require coordinates with the highest level of confidence and precision possible, so that this network offers absolute points of reference for the most varied applications in engineering, such as the monitoring of artificial or natural structures. Since this application uses the points of a network as a basis for the measurements of reflective targets that are embedded in the structure and as control points to guarantee the stability of this measurement base. For a long time, the determination of topographic networks was based on triangulation, trilateration and precision geometric leveling techniques. With the advent of robotic total stations, it became possible to perform measurements of horizontal directions, vertical angles and inclined distances, in a cyclical and continuous way. At the same time, the observation data started to be collected in three dimensions. Thus, it becomes necessary to develop models for determining and adjusting spatial coordinates to obtain 3D solutions, directly. In general, the solution used to calculate and adjust a three-dimensional topographic network is carried out separately in planimetry (X, Y) and altimetry (Z), that is, solution (2D + 1D), however, the ideal is to establish a relationship that considers all the elements involved in the process. Thus, to fill this gap, mathematical models and a methodology for determining and adjusting the coordinates of the points of three-dimensional topographic networks with a 3D solution were developed. In this context, this article presents developments, validations and applications of the proposed three-dimensional network.
Direito autoral: Este artigo está licenciado sob os termos da Licença Creative Commons-Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
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