Fungal infections have increased in recent decades with considerable morbidity and mortality, mainly in immunosuppressed or admitted-to-the-ICU patients. The fungal resistance to conventional antifungal treatments has become a public health problem, especially with Candida that presents resistance to several antifungals. Therefore, generating new alternatives of antifungal therapy is fundamental. One of these possibilities is the use of antimicrobial peptides, such as LL-37, which acts on the disruption of the microorganism membrane and promotes immunomodulatory effects in the host. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of the LL-37 analogue peptides (AC-1, LL37-1, AC-2, and D) against different Candida spp. and clinical isolates obtained from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Our results suggest that the peptides with the best ranges of MICs were LL37-1 and AC-2 (0.07 µM) against the strains studied. This inhibitory effect was confirmed by analyzing the yeast growth curves that evidenced a significant decrease in the fungal growth after exposure to LL-37 peptides. By the XTT technique we observed a significant reduction in the biofilm formation process when compared to yeasts untreated with the analogue peptides. In conclusion, we suggest that LL-37 analogue peptides may play an important antimicrobial role against Candida spp.
Resumo-O algoritmo proportionate normalized least-meansquare (PNLMS) e suas variantes são frequentemente usados na literatura para atacar problemas relacionados à estimação/identificação de sistemas esparsos. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar que existem vários cenários esparsos em que o desempenho do algoritmo PNLMS é inferior ao do algoritmo NLMS. Para isso, apresentamos duas propriedades do algoritmo PNLMS e discutimos suas consequências práticas. A Propriedade I explica o que de fato é explorado pelo algoritmo PNLMS, enquanto a Propriedade II descreve o papel fundamental de uma boa inicialização dos coeficientes do filtro adaptativo para esse algoritmo. Diversos resultados numéricos são apresentados de forma a corroborar as propriedades discutidas. O algoritmo 0-NLMS é usado apenas para ilustrar o desempenho de um algoritmo que realmente explora a esparsidade dos coeficientes.
This paper deals with the characterization of a radio mobile channel in an urban environment, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for both 2.5 GHz and 5.86 GHz bands, providing the results and analysis of time and frequency dispersion parameters for future works. It is worth to emphasize that the measurements occurred at high speed, approximately 100 km/h.
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