The family Psittacidae is comprised of over 400 species, an ever-increasing number of which are considered threatened with extinction. In recent decades, conservation strategies for these species have increasingly employed reintroduction as a technique for reestablishing populations in previously extirpated areas. Because most Psittacines are highly social and flocking species, reintroduction efforts may face the numerical and methodological challenge of overcoming initial Allee effects during the critical establishment phase of the reintroduction. These Allee effects can result from failures to achieve adequate site fidelity, survival and flock cohesion of released individuals, thus jeopardizing the success of the reintroduction. Over the past 20 years, efforts to reestablish and augment populations of the critically endangered Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) have periodically faced the challenge of apparent Allee effects. These challenges have been mitigated via a novel release strategy designed to promote site fidelity, flock cohesion and rapid reproduction of released parrots. Efforts to date have resulted in not only the reestablishment of an additional wild population in Puerto Rico, but also the reestablishment of the species in the El Yunque National Forest following its extirpation there by the Category 5 hurricane Maria in 2017. This promising release strategy has potential applicability in reintroductions of other psittacines and highly social species in general.
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo describir el tipo de estimulación en el hogar y la atención conjunta de infantes durante el contexto de pandemia por COVID-19, así como también evaluar la posible asociación entre dichas variables. La muestra estuvo conformada por 55 cuidadores primarios/as de infantes argentinos de 9 meses a 3 años (M = 1 .63, DE = 0.8, masculino n = 24). Se administró un cuestionario sociodemográfico ad hoc, un Cuestionario de Estimulación en el Hogar ad hoc y la Escala de Atención Conjunta de Wetherby y Prizant (2002), por lo que todas las variables fueron recolectadas mediante autorreporte. Se encontró que la TV fue el dispositivo más utilizado por los infantes, y que la TV, el celular y el uso de Internet eran compartidos de forma activa con los cuidadores. A su vez, los niveles de conductas de atención conjunta fueron elevados para esta muestra. También se encontró una asociación positiva entre la lectura compartida, la atención conjunta y el contacto con familiares. Por el contrario, a mayor lectura menor uso diario de TV por parte del niño/a. A su vez, cuanto mayor era la cantidad de meses sin trabajo, más aumentaba la atención conjunta, y el único factor que predijo positivamente la atención compartida fue el desempleo. Por último, se halló que una mayor cantidad de libros en el hogar se asoció positivamente con las salidas recreativas con el niño/a y negativamente con el uso del celular. En este sentido, cuanto mayor fue el uso del celular por parte del niño/a hubo un mayor consumo de noticias asociadas al COVID-19 por parte del cuidador. Se concluye que se debe trabajar en la cantidad de tiempo que los infantes están expuestos a dispositivos tecnológicos y promover espacios de atención conjunta, tales como la lectura compartida en los primeros años del desarrollo.
Polypyridyl dicarboxylates have been established as oxidatively robust ligands capable of effectively binding heavy metals, but the reductive electrochemical properties of complexes supported by these ligands have not been explored to date. Here, the redox properties of Ru(II) and uranyl(VI) (UO22+) complexes of 2,2′-bipyridyl-6,6′-dicarboxylate (bdc), 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridyl-6,6″-dicarboxylate (tdc), and 4′-phenyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridyl-6,6″-dicarboxylate (Phtdc) have been investigated, revealing that these ligands can enable both ligand- and metal-centered reductions. In control ruthenium complexes, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical data supported by theoretical findings from density functional theory suggest electron density in the reduced forms primarily resides on the ligands. In bdc complexes of uranyl, electrochemical data and theoretical findings support the involvement of both ligand- and metal-centered reductive behavior. This “non-innocent” redox chemistry, along with support for the assertion that these ligands bind large metals effectively, suggests that polypyridyl dicarboxylates could be useful in new schemes for reductive activation of challenging metal-containing species. The observation of ligand-centered reduction events is also in agreement with the recognized “non-innocent” redox activity of related 2,2′-bipyridyl systems that lack appended carboxylate functionalities.
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