13Physical-chemical parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and chlorophyll concentration) of surface 14 waters were used to evaluate the influence of biological and physical processes over the metal concentrations (Cd, Ni, V, Mo, Mn, 19The surface concentration of metals does not appear to be explained by anthropogenic inputs (at least not during the year of this 20 work), and variability observed in this study appears to be natural. The lack of correlation between physical-chemical parameters two-box conceptual model is proposed to suggest possible influences on metals in surface waters of this coastal ecosystem.
Early inhabitants along the hyperarid coastal Atacama Desert in northern Chile developed resilience strategies over 12,000 years, allowing these communities to effectively adapt to this extreme environment, including the impact of giant earthquakes and tsunamis. Here, we provide geoarchaeological evidence revealing a major tsunamigenic earthquake that severely affected prehistoric hunter-gatherer-fisher communities ~3800 years ago, causing an exceptional social disruption reflected in contemporary changes in archaeological sites and triggering resilient strategies along these coasts. Together with tsunami modeling results, we suggest that this event resulted from a ~1000-km-long megathrust rupture along the subduction contact of the Nazca and South American plates, highlighting the possibility of M w ~9.5 tsunamigenic earthquakes in northern Chile, one of the major seismic gaps of the planet. This emphasizes the necessity to account for long temporal scales to better understand the variability, social effects, and human responses favoring resilience to socionatural disasters.
BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.
El territorio chileno cuenta con alrededor de 80.000 km de costa considerando el territorio insular, un dato relevante al momento de considerar la ocurrencia de un tsunami. Las autoridades chilenas, conscientes de este extenso territorio marítimo, han desarrollado un sistema de alerta de tsunami como una responsabilidad estatal y han depositado su control a la oficina nacional de emergencia-ministerio del interior (ONEMI) y en el servicio hidrográfico y oceanográfico de la armada de Chile (SHOA). En este artículo hemos realizado experiencias con el objetivo de activar los sistemas de advertencias generando eventos telúricos ficticios y/o eventos telúricos históricos capaces de desatar eventos de tsunami. También se ha propuesto una hipótesis de trabajo que permita, a través de los procedimientos establecidos por ley de la República de Chile, monitorear los tiempos de respuestas de los organismos estatales. Nuestro trabajo de investigación entrega resultados que nos permiten afirmar que existen zonas para eventos hipotéticos que podrían generar tsunamis a los cuales el sistema de alerta no sería eficiente en reaccionar. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación hemos utilizado un software llamado SLAT, basado en ecuaciones simplificadas de propagación de una onda de tsunami que nos permite obtener resultados rápidos y además hemos sometido a prueba el sistema con datos oficiales en los cuales se ha demostrado que el sistema de alerta no fue capaz de reaccionar al evento Atico 8,4 M. ocurrido en Perú.
The sustainability of the lithium industry in Chile is being threatened by the series of environmental and social impacts occurring in the Salar de Atacama. This study is based on a review of technical and environmental reports, including the inspection processes carried out to date at the Salar de Atacama, the main lithium brine deposit worldwide. Demand for clean technologies has increased global lithium production, pressuring the production system to increase the quota of brine extraction to satisfy the greater demand for this resource. As a result of the extraction process in the salt flat, millions of tons of water are removed from the system in an arid region, the biota is affected, and natural conditions change in this fragile and dynamic ecosystem. The impact on the salt flat not only translates into loss of water, but also in the disappearance of vulnerable species that only exist in these places, the loss of the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples, the losses of millions of years of evolution of adaptation processes of species, including the extremophilic organisms. From the economic point of view, although both companies are committed to compensating the damage to the Atacameñas communities, one with 3.5% of the value of sales and the other with a contribution of US$15 million annually, it is not comparable with the deterioration of the Salar and the loss of cultural heritage. In conclusion, it is verified that the lithium mining industry causes strong environmental and social impacts, so we cannot speak of lithium as a synonym for "green economics." Therefore, can the lithium industry be considered of strategic relevance to the development of zero carbon technologies?
17Liolaemus fabiani is a lizard that lives in the Salar de Atacama, located in the center of the 18 Atacama Desert, northern Chile, one of the driest places on the planet. Likely due to the extreme 19 environmental conditions of their habitat, L. fabiani has colonized all watercourse shores of the 20 Puilar pond where the primary source of food, flies, are confined. By 'owning' these shores, they 21 can retain resources, explaining their natural sense of territory and their world-renowned 22 aggressive territorial behavior. From the perspective of the lizard, the battlefield is a narrow 23 stretch between mountains of halite salt and the water, which leads to a winner-take-all type 24 territory. The winning lizard is rewarded with control of the food supply, access to females and 25 a privileged space to survive. This modern gladiator faces his opponent with an unmatched 26 ferocity, although there are rarely, if ever, deaths between the contenders. Like other vertebrates, 27 the defense of the territory is a cooperative job with the alpha female. She releases pheromone 28 compounds, conferring an advantage to her partner to proceed ruthlessly to attack the intruder, 29 on land or in water, in order to obtain victory. and then plummet to below 0 °C at night. Rainfall is sparse and falls in intermittent cycles 37 generated by the austral Andean winter (Ortlieb, 1995). The desert covers approximately 2,800 38 km 2 and its altitude ranges between 2400 and 2500 meters elevation above sea level (Marquet et 39 al., 1998). This unique environment is home to various animals living in this extreme area, 40offering diverse examples of successful survival strategies (Pincheira-Donoso, 2012). One such 41 creature is Liolaemus fabiani, (Yáñez & Núñez, 1983), a lizard known to dwell around San Pedro 42 de Atacama. L. fabiani is probably one of few animals in the Salar de Atacama whose survival 43 strategy includes agonistic skills (Veloso et al. 1982; Núñez y Fox 1985, Núñez y Veloso, 2001. 44 45Although initially described in the northern salt flats (26°46'S, 68°14'W), L. fabiani has been 46 reported in vegetative patches and waterways such as the wide lagoons of Cejar and Chaxa, and 47 the smaller lagoons of Puilar and Punta Brava (Labra et al., 2001). In this report, the agonistic 48 behavior is described in the shores of the Agua de Quelana lagoon (Fig. 1). Only one other lizard, 49Liolaemus constanzae is known to inhabit this area. L. fabiani can be spotted darting over the 50 salt crust; its orange, red, yellow, green, and blue skin flashing as it dashes over the rough, manner that facilitates its identification (Pough et al, 1998; Labra, 2011). Liolaemus lizards use 58 chemoreception (odors, feces, skin and precloacal secretions) for various social and sensory 59 purposes (Labra et al., 2002; Labra, 2008). This has allowed individuals to develop self-60 recognition (i.e., to discriminate between their own odors and those of other members of the 61 species) and to evaluate the sex of other lizards (Labra, 20...
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