Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are gaining tremendous importance thanks to their broad range of commercial applications such as in smart home automation, health-care and industrial automation. In these applications multi-vendor and heterogeneous sensor nodes are deployed. Due to strict administrative control over the specific WSN domains, communication barriers, conflicting goals and the economic interests of different WSN sensor node vendors, it is difficult to introduce a large scale federated WSN. By allowing heterogeneous sensor nodes in WSNs to coexist on a shared physical sensor substrate, virtualization in sensor network may provide flexibility, cost effective solutions, promote diversity, ensure security and increase manageability. This paper surveys the novel approach of using the large scale federated WSN resources in a sensor virtualization environment. Our focus in this paper is to introduce a few design goals, the challenges and opportunities of research in the field of sensor network virtualization as well as to illustrate a current status of research in this field. This paper also presents a wide array of state-of-the art projects related to sensor network virtualization.
Background
Bite wounds are one of the most common traumatic injuries in dogs and depending on their severity, location, etc., urgent care including antibiotic therapy may be necessary. Serious complications can result from these injuries, such as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), as well as a generalized reduction in cerebral perfusion, e.g. during cardiac arrest, shock, or severe hypotension that may cause global brain ischemia (GBI).
Case presentation
A 5-year-old spayed female Maltese dog was presented with generalized seizures, ataxia, and obtunded mentation. The dog was injured by severe bite wounds that penetrated its abdomen and had received blood transfusions, antibiotic therapy (including metronidazole and cefazoline) and underwent emergency surgery 4 days before its visit. Based on a clinical examination, intracranial hypoxic damage with elevated intra-cranial pressure and MODS were highly suspected, and GBI was confirmed following magnetic resonance imaging. Increased signal intensity diffusely distributed in the olfactory bulb and frontal, temporal, and parietal grey matter was evident on the T2-weighted and fluid attenuated inversion recovery transverse images, along with corresponding high signal intensity observed on diffusion weighted imaging. During the 10-month follow-up period, the clinical signs gradually improved, but intermittent circling and cognitive dysfunction deficits remained.
Conclusions
GBI should be included among the differential diagnoses in case of any peracute non-progressive neurological dysfunction that occurs with episodes of hypotension or hypoxia. The abnormal signal intensity observed on diffusion weighted imaging was a useful indicator for diagnosing this condition. Long-term medical management with antibiotics and anti-convulsant and anti-oxidant therapies were considered to be helpful in managing the GBI concurrent with MODS in this dog.
In this paper, we investigated an anomalous hump in the bottom gate staggered amorphous indium-gallium zinc oxide thin-film transistors. During the positive gate bias stress, a positive threshold voltage shift is observed in transfer curve and an anomalous hump occurs as the stress time increases. The hump becomes more serious as the gate bias stress increases while it is not observed under the negative bias stress. From the simulation of a long range migration of zinc interstitial ions (Zni) and the measurement of the diode characteristics after the constant positive bias stress, the origin of the hump can be explained by the migration of the positively charged mobile Zni during the constant positive gate bias stress, which can be conformed by increasing the concentration of Zni from the result of the Auger ZnL3M4.5M4.5 spectra.
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