Background:The extraction of tooth being the most common procedure in oral surgery should be pain free with limited dosage and limited needlepricks. Articaine being unique among amide local anesthetics contains a thiophene group, which increases its liposolubility, and an ester group which helps biotransformation in plasma. Because of the high diffusion properties, it can be used as a single buccal infiltration to extract a maxillary tooth.Aim and Objective:Objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of single buccal infiltration of 4% articaine with that of 2% lignocaine for maxillary first molar extraction.Methodology:A triple blind randomized controlled study was carried on 100 patients of age group 18-60 years who required maxillary first molar extraction, visiting the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery. They were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. Buccal infiltration of 1.8 ml of anesthetic solution was given randomly to 100 patients with appropriate blinding of the cartridges. Objective signs were checked. If any additional injection was given, it was noted as type and number of rescue injection given. Postoperatively VAS score and surgeon's quality of anesthesia was noted. Duration of anesthesia was measured every 5 minutes for 50 minutes from infiltration.Results:Out of 50 patients in group A (Articaine), in 44 patients extraction was done without the need of additional injection whereas in group B(Lignocaine), 29 patients require additional infiltration on the palatal side. The VAS score values for group A were also significantly less in comparison with group B. The mean duration of anesthesia for Group A being (71.70 ± 17.82 min) in 44 patients who only received buccal infiltration.Interpretation and Conclusion:The efficacy of single buccal injection of articaine is comparable to buccal and palatal injection of lignocaine.

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The experience of conducting the developmental evaluation clinic for children between 2 and 10 y has shown that a team consisting of developmental therapist, speech therapist, preschool teacher, special educator, clinical child psychologist and developmental pediatrician, using appropriate test results of the child could make a clinical diagnosis good enough for providing early intervention therapy using a home based intervention package.

Monogenic forms of diabetes in children are frequently misclassified as either type 1 diabetes or young‐onset type 2 diabetes. There is a paucity of literature regarding pediatric monogenic diabetes in the Indian population. A retrospective analysis of case records of 37 children with monogenic diabetes who were diagnosed between 2008 and 2019 in a South Indian tertiary care center was performed. The write‐up describes the clinical, biochemical, and genetic characterization of these patients with the diagnoses of neonatal diabetes mellitus (15 patients), MODY (five patients), and various forms of syndromic diabetes (13 with Wolfram syndrome, two with H syndrome, one with mitochondrial diabetes, and one with thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia).

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A five dimensional Kaluza-Klein dark energy model with a variable equation of state (EoS) parameter and a constant deceleration parameter is considered in the scalartensor theory proposed by Brans and Dicke (Phys. Rev. 24:925, 1961). We have introduced three different skew ness parameters along spatial directions which are time dependent. The field equations have been solved by using (i) the trace of the energy tensor of the fluid vanishes, (ii) shear scalar is proportional to scalar expansion and (iii) special law of variation for Hubble's parameter proposed by Bermann (Nuovo Cimento B 74:182, 1983). It is observed that in this case the EoS parameter turns out to be constant. Some physical and kinematical properties of the model obtained are also discussed.

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