The article is devoted to the development of microwave technology and installations for preparing frozen cow colostrum for calf feeding by exposure to an ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic field in two volume resonators, which allow defrosting and heating of cow colostrum at different doses in a continuous mode. Two resonator microwave installations designed for farms have been developed and described. Effective modes of defrosting and warming up cow colostrum in an electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency: duration of exposure to ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field in a resonator is 12 min; power of microwave generators 3.5–3.65 kW; plant productivity 25–30 kg/h; energy costs for the process 0.12–0.18 kW-kg/h, heating temperature of raw materials to 38–40 °C. For cattle farms up to 600 heads, one microwave installation is enough to defrost and heat cow colostrum. The annual economic effect due to lower operating costs will be 153600 rubles. The profitability of the process will increase by 3.22%.
Currently, domestic industry uses imported raw materials. At the same time, supplies of rapeseed oil for export as raw materials account for about 80% of the production volumes. Therefore, import substitution of rapeseed oil due to an increase in its own production and a significant increase in the efficiency of processing technology with improved quality characteristics, the development of innovative technology and technical means to improve the quality of peeling of rapeseed is relevant. Depending on the grain structure, one of three methods of peeling is used: compression and shear, multiple or single blow, by abrasion of the shells. The rapeseed kernel has a fragile structure, so peeling with a multiple blow is irrational. Two requirements are imposed on the rape seed peeling process: high-quality separation of husk from the kernel and preservation of the integrity of the kernel. The article describes the developed design of the installation for peeling rape in an electromagnetic field, which allows the peeling process to be carried out at low operating costs. The process of peeling rape is possible by hydromechanical destruction and abrasion of husks on rotating abrasive disks and mutual friction of grains in the EMF microwave, followed by removal of the shells by blowing air through a hollow dielectric shaft with holes and a perforated cylindrical resonator. The article also describes the technological process of rape peeling and conducted a feasibility study on the implementation of the proposed installation. The economic effect of the use of a microwave installation for rape peeling is 124 thousand rubles/month with the volume of output 38.5 tons/month, profitability will increase by 3.7%.
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The article substantiates the effective modes of heat treatment of fat-containing raw materials in a radiohermatic ultrahigh-frequency installation with a metal-dielectric resonator. The raw material for the study was the internal fat of cattle, sheep, chickens, their dielectric characteristics were systematized according to I.A. Rogov. The purpose of this work is to develop a continuous-flow microwave installation with air-cooled magnetrons and a resonator in the form of a truncated cone with an exponential generator, which contributes to increasing thermal efficiency and maintaining high electric field strength and radio tightness without a shielding housing when heating disinfected fat from fat-containing raw materials. The electrophysical parameters of the fat-containing raw material are analyzed, including the change in dielectric parameters from the frequency of the electromagnetic field (EMF), fat content, density. The intensity of the electric field is matched with the heating rate, the specific power of the generator. A continuous-flow microwave installation with a resonator in the form of a truncated cone with an exponential generator made of non-ferromagnetic material and a ceramic concave mirror base, inside of which a dielectric screw with a decreasing pitch and a diameter of a screw is located, has been developed. A concave ceramic mirror is installed coaxially on the large base of the resonator. A dielectric screw is inscribed along the resonator. Two sluice gates with non-magnetic bent blades are installed on the resonator. The melted fat flows down through the perforation on the surface of the resonator. Magnetrons with waveguides are installed with a shift of 120 degrees along the perimeter of the resonator base. The general properties of a resonator with dielectric inclusions (ceramic mirror, fluoro-formation auger) are analyzed. In such a metal-dielectric resonator, the reflection of the field from the non-magnetic walls of the resonator and critical sections can be combined with full internal reflection in the dielectric. The exponential generator of the resonator and the ceramic mirror contribute to an increase in the concentration of the electric field strength in it to 2 kV/cm when placing three magnetrons with a shift of 120 degrees along the perimeter of the large base. With a specific power of the generator of 2 W/g, the productivity of the microwave installation for heat treatment of fat-containing raw materials is 18-20 kg/h.; With a frequency of rotation of the electric screw drive of 1 rpm, 0.5-0.6 kg of raw materials is heated in 120 seconds. The specific energy costs compared to the prototype (0.2-0.25 kWh/kg) is reduced to 0.14-0.15 kWh/kg.
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