This 4 th generation Alpha microprocessor running at 1.2GHz delivers up to 44.8GB/s chip pin bandwidth. It contains a 1.75MB, ECC protected, 7-way set associative 2 nd level write back-cache that delivers 19.2GB/s bandwidth; two memory controllers supporting 8 Rambus™ channels running at 800Mb/s; four 6.4GB/s inter-processor communication ports; and a separate IO port capable of 6.4GB/s operation. The 21.1x18.8mm 2 chip contains 152M transistors and dissipates 125W at 1.5V. It is packaged in a 1443-pin LGA package and air-cooled. It is fabricated in a 0.18µm, bulk CMOS process with 7 levels of copper interconnect. The chip is partitioned into four clocking domains and uses digital delay line loop to provide low skew, controlled edge rate, synchronous clocks across the chip. Figure 15.6.1 shows the major functional units. The CPU of the chip is leveraged from an earlier Alpha design [1,2].The Level-2 Cache Controller Unit manages the L2 cache and coordinates with the memory controllers and the router to service memory fills and cache coherence requests. It queues up to 16 Level-1 cache miss addresses, 16 L1/L2 victim addresses, 35 cache coherence requests and response addresses, and 4 write IO addresses. The address queues are implemented in a single 73entry Address Register File with multiple read, write and CAM ports (Figure 15.6.2). The data can be read or written every cycle from the top or bottom of the register file to minimize routing distance. The entry status bits are stored in a separate array. The address queues and status arrays generate up to 25 requests that the arbiter dynamically schedules onto 6 unique resources every cycle.Misses from local or remote processors arrive at the memory controller and are stored in two 32-entry Directory In Flight Tables (DIFT). Incoming transactions are compared against pending DIFT entries. Depending on the result of the CAM lookup, the transaction is either serialized to avoid hazards, or merged to deliver a response to a pending transaction, or a new entry is created. The DIFT tracks the coherence state for 32 possible outstanding transactions. The DIFT issue logic picks 1 of these 32 arbitrating entries. A scoreboard tracks the availability of 3 physical resources, which are used by 5 different classes of transactions. The issue logic is pipelined over 2 cycles and accounts for entries selected from the previous cycle. The DIFT can issue to the 3 resources each cycle, one of which is the DRAM controller ( Figure 15.6.3). The DIFT arbiter can pick an entry each cycle while avoiding deadlock and maintaining fairness.The DRAM controller (Figure 15.6.4) has a conflict-detection pipeline that maximizes parallelism and minimizes DRAM bank conflicts. It translates the request address into device, bank, row, and column fields optimized for the RDRAM™ configuration in the 1st cycle. It indexes a table that tracks open pages and active banks in the RDRAMs and determines the appropriate action in the memory system in the 2 nd cycle. It then compares the address against a 2...

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Focal plane arrays (FPAs) are used in many applications for detecting infrared (IR) radiation where normal sight with light in the visible spectrum is not possible. To effectively detect this JR radiation, complex semiconductor diodes, cooled to low temperatures, are usually used. The most common of these semiconductor materials is the JI-VI alloy semiconductor system using HgCdTe, which is often called MCT. Focal plane arrays with over 1000 pixels have been fabricated. The cost ofthese very complex systems is becoming a very important consideration in decisions ofwhere to use these FPAs.The focal plane array actually consists oftwo semiconductor parts with a sophisticated cooling assembly. The semiconductor parts are the MCT detector device itself and a companion device called the read-out circuit. The cost model presented in this paper consists ofvarious expressions as functions of physical parameters that can be measured, calculated from data or estimated. Although accurate absolute cost data may not be available (because it does not exist or is proprietary to a company), cost estimates can be effectively used to determine relative cost between two designs or processes. In addition, when these cost models are coupled with the STADIUM design of experiments simulation methodology, accurate predictions ofthe most dominant cost drivers can be obtained. This cost model and its algorithms are coupled with a commercial software program called IR-SIM.