Absorption and translocation of14C following14C-fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} butyl ester and14C-sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} application to oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Lyon’) was greater when the herbicides were applied with oleic acid, linoleic acid, or fatty acid methyl esters compared to various triglycerides. The methyl esters of stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids enhanced14C absorption and translocation when applied with14C-fluazifop and14C-sethoxydim, except that the methyl ester of stearic acid did not enhance14C absorption and translocation when applied with14C-sethoxydim. The absorption and translocation of14C following the application of14C-CGA-82725 {(±)-2-[4-(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid)-2-propynylester},14C-diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid},14C-fluazifop, and14C-sethoxydim were generally enhanced equally or greater by the methyl ester of sunflower (Helianthus annumL.) oil than by petroleum oil additive or once refined sunflower oil. Methylated sunflower oil was equally or more effective as an additive than petroleum oil in enhancing grass control with fluazifop and sethoxydim in a field experiment.
Experiments were conducted to determine14C absorption and translocation by oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Lyon’) foliarly treated with14C-sethoxydim {(2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one)} and various additives. Safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], linseed (Linum usitatissimumL.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) oil all similarly increased foliar absorption and translocation of14C more than palm oil (Elaeis quineensisJacq.) but less than petroleum oil, when applied without an emulsifier. An emulsifier in the oil additive tended to enhance14C absorption and translocation more in soybean oil than petroleum oil so that14C absorption and translocation were similar with both oils containing emulsifiers. Absorption and translocation of14C tended to increase more with an increase in emulsifier concentration in soybean oil than in petroleum oil but not beyond 15% with either oil. Percentage of14C absorbed and translocated from14C-sethoxydim applied to oats increased as the amount of soybean oil applied increased from 2.3 to 4.6 L/ha, but the increase was less for sethoxydim at 0.87 kg ai/ha than at 0.03 or 0.17 kg ai/ha.
MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid is a common synthetic auxin used as a herbicide. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of four new forms of MCPA being the herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) with MCPA as an anion and two previously known formulations (potassium-sodium salt and 2-ethylhexyl ester) on seed germination and seedling development of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Rape plants are susceptible to MCPA and volunteers can be a big problem in crop rotation. Seedling fresh weight and root length were quantified, mitotic activity, as well as lipid, starch, hydrogen peroxide and polyphenol contents were assessed by light and fluorescence microscopy and the computer-aided cytophotometer. In primary roots mitotic activity was almost completely inhibited under the influence of herbicides, cell elongation zones and root hair zones were significantly reduced, and a characteristic bolded root segment formed just above a meristem. In contrast to the traditional salt formulation the new HILs were weak inducers of hydrogen peroxide synthesis, but were potent stimulators of the synthesis of phenolic compounds and storage as well as emergency substances such as lipids and starch. All tested forms of MCPA caused strong phytotoxic effect on winter rape seedlings, but the tested HILs were more effective.
Experiments in controlled-environment chambers indicated that high temperature, 30 C, increased the phytotoxicity of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) to wild mustard (Sinapis arvensisL. # SINAR) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE) compared to low temperature, 10 C, during and after treatment. Bromoxynil phytotoxicity generally was higher at relative humidities of 90 to 95% compared to 40 to 60%, but relative humidity had less influence on bromoxynil phytotoxicity than did temperature. A simulated rain immediately after bromoxynil treatment reduced control of both species, but the reduction was of no practical importance for wild mustard. The data indicate that wild mustard and redroot pigweed control would be reduced by bromoxynil application during a period of low temperatures or to plants in advanced growth stages.
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