Purpose-To identify causative non-genetic and genetic risk factors to the bladder exstrophyepispadias complex (BEEC).Materials and Methods-237 BEEC families were invited to participate and information was obtained from 214 families, mainly comprising European countries.Results-Two families showed familial occurrence. Male predominance (p 0.001) was found among all BEEC subgroups comprising epispadias (E), classical exstrophy of the bladder (CBE) or cloacal exstrophy (CE), with male to female ratios of 1.4, 2.8, and 2.0, respectively. No association with parental age, maternal reproductive history or with periconceptional maternal exposure to alcohol, drugs, chemical noxa, radiation or infections was found. However, periconceptional maternal exposure to smoking (p 0.009) was significantly more common for CE patients than for the combined group of E/CBE patients. Only 16.8% of mothers followed the current recommendations *Correspondence to: Michael Ludwig, Ph.D., Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, SigmundFreud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany. E-mail: E-mail: mludwig@uni-bonn.de. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript of periconceptional folic acid supplementation. 17.6% had started supplementation before the 10 th week of gestation. Interestingly, in the latter group, mothers of CE patients were more compliant (p 0.037) than mothers of the combined group of E/CBE patients. Furthermore, mothers of CE children knew significantly more often prenatally that their child would have a congenital malformation (p < 0.0001) than mothers of E/CBE children.Conclusions-Our study corroborates the hypothesis that E, CBE and CE are causally related, representing a spectrum of the same developmental defect, with a small risk of recurrence within families. Embryonic exposure to maternal smoking appears to enforce the severity, whereas periconceptional folic acid supplementation does not seem to alleviate it. There is a disproportional prenatal ultrasound detection rate between severe and mild phenotypes, possibly due to the neglect of imaging of full urinary bladders with focus on neural tube defects.

Short-and long-term rates of success after cadaveric kidney transplantation are significantly inferior to those from living related or unrelated donors. The major difference between cadaveric and living donation is brain death. In the present study we analyzed the influence of duration of brain death on short-and long-term graft function after cadaveric kidney transplantation. The interval between declaration of donor brain death and the beginning of the cold ischemia time before graft explantation was defined as duration of brain death (DBD). The influence of DBD on incidence of primary graft function and on duration of delayed kidney graft function as well as on kidney graft survival was analyzed in 1106 patients transplanted in one center and confirmed in a validation study of a second series of 752 kidney graft recipients from another transplant center. Kidney grafts harvested from donors with longer DBD (Ͼ 470 min) exhibited a significantly higher incidence of primary graft function and a significantly better graft survival rate in comparison to kidneys from donors with a shorter DBD (∞ 470 min). The tendency of these results could be confirmed in an independent validation study; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Although the dramatic hemodynamic and immunological changes in brain-dead donors may impair the quality of a potential kidney transplant, a longer duration of donor brain death did not deteriorate early and long-term kidney graft function.

Es werden Methoden beschrieben, die die Darstellung von Trialkoxysilanolen und Dialkoxy‐silandiolen ermöglichen. Voraussetzung hierfür sind sterisch wirksame RO‐Gruppen, die sowohl die OH‐Kondensation als auch die RO‐Solvolyse verhindern. Durch potentiometrische Titration in Pyridin bzw. Pyridin/Isopropanol wird die relative Acidität von Trialkoxy‐silanolen bestimmt.

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Penoscrotal elephantiasis is a symptom that can be caused by local but also by systemic disorders. When the changes are reversible, conservative measures such as physical and antiphlogistic approaches lead to success. In cases of irreversible penoscrotal elephantiasis, excision and amputation of the affected penoscrotal areas are recommended to eliminate the functional disturbances. In all manifestations it is important to prevent and treat those diseases known to cause elephantiasis.

Es wurden folgende Organosilandiole dargestellt: und jeweils bei 180° kondensiert. An Hand von laufenden Untersuchungen des Gewichtsverlustes, des Molekulargewichtes, des OH‐Gruppen‐Gehaltes und der Viskosität wurden Unterschiede im Kondensationsverhalten festgestellt und bindungstheoretisch diskutiert.

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Die Reaktionsvorgänge bei der thermischen Behandlung (200°C) von p‐substituierten Diphenyl‐silandiolen werden untersucht. Neben der normalen Silanol‐Kondensation wird eine SiC‐Spaltung durch Silanolyse festgestellt. Die Abhängigkeit der Teilreaktionen von den Substituenten der Organo‐Gruppen wird bestimmt und durch I‐ und M‐Effekte gedeutet.