The effectiveness of neutral pH chitosan hydrogel beads (CSHB) as a green organocatalyst for a variety of C-C bond forming reactions (i.e. aldol reaction, Knoevenagel condensation, nitroaldol (Henry) reaction, Michael addition) has been comprehensively evaluated. Reaction rates, conversions and selectivities were studied as a function of a series of input variables including size, pH and reactive surface area of the beads, catalyst loading, temperature, molecular weight of the biopolymer, concentration, solvent system and molar ratio of reactants. Moreover, the catalytic biohydrogel beads were characterized by a variety of techniques including, among others, SEM, FT-IR, TGA and DSC.

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A transition metal-free catalytic system has been developed for the cross dehydrogenative coupling of amines with nitroalkanes under mild condition employing potassium iodide/tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide catalytic system. This methodology was further extended for the construction of biologically important N-heterocycles, namely, 3,4-dihydroquinazoline derivatives. This novel strategy provides a simple, efficient, and direct access to 4alkyl-3,4-dihydroquinazoline derivatives.

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A simple and straightforward approach to access C4-substituted-3,4-dihydroquinazolines has been achieved, where copper-catalyzed activation of α-amino peroxide and hydroxide intermediates to iminium ion precursors has been realized as an important step. Reactions of these intermediates with alkynes, indoles, pyrrole, and silylenol ether afforded the structurally diverse C4-substituted-3,4-dihydroquinazoline derivatives in good yields.

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Copper-Catalyzed Activation of α-Amino Peroxy and Hydroxy Intermediates to Iminium Ion Precursor: An Access to C4-Substituted 3,4-Dihydroquinazolines viaOxidative Cross Coupling Strategy. -Coupling of (2-aminobenzyl)anilines with aromatic aldehydes followed by tBuOOH-mediated oxidation leads to α-amino peroxy and hydroxy intermediates. In the presence of CuCl the latter are transformed into iminium ions which can be easily trapped by alkynes, indoles, pyrroles, and the silylenol ether (XI). This provides simple and straightforward approach to various biologically important C4-substituted dihydroquinazolines. -(KUMAR, R. A.; SAIDULU, G.; SRIDHAR, B.; LIU*, S. T.; REDDY, K. R.; J. Org. Chem. 78 (2013) 20, 10240-10250, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo401622r ; Dep. Chem., Natl. Taiwan Univ., Taipei 106, Taiwan; Eng.) -Jannicke 13-174