Additive, dominance, and epistasis genetic basis of seed yields per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and 1000 seed weight in mungbean (Vigna rudiata (L.) Wilczek) have been examined, using Triple Test Cross (TTC) analysis.The material for TTC test was evaluated in two seasons i.e., kharif (July-October) and spring/summer (March-June), at the research station of the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan. Epistasis was present significantly for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod when grown in the spring/summer season (March to June). Partition of epistasis showed that additive x additive ('i' type) interaction was an important component of number of pods per plant, and number of seeds per pod was found to be of both types 'i' type, and additive x dominance, and dominance x dominance ('j' and ' 1' type) interactions. This indicated that epistasis might be a non-trivial factor in the inheritance of pods per plant, and seeds per pod in mungbean. The expression of epistasis was influenced differentially by particular genotypes, indicating that a limited number of genotypes may not be sufficient to detect non-allelic interactions for a trait in mungbean. Additive and dominance genetic components were significant for all four traits in kharif season (July to October) but only for seed yield and 1000 seed weight in spring/summer season. This suggests that the genes controlling seed yield per plant, and 1000 seed weight are equally sensitive to the environment. The predominance additive gene action in those traits is not significantly influenced by epistasis, suggesting that improvement of the traits can be achieved through standard selection procedures.

Impact of genotype on quality, agronomic characteristics and their interrelationship in Kabuli-type chickpea was investigated to provide significant feedback to breeder for selection/evolution of the most suitable varieties. Seven genotypes were studied for seventeen physical, chemical and agronomic characteristics. The effect of Kabuli-type chickpea genotype on the physicochemical parameters, cooking time and agronomic characteristics were significant. Maximum seed size and volume were recorded for CC98/99 (0.32 g and 0.26 mL seed )1 , respectively), density and swelling index for the genotype FLIP97-179C (having minimum seed size and volume), while the rest of the genotypes were statistically the same. Weight, volume after hydration, hydration capacity and swelling capacity followed the same pattern. Maximum moisture, protein and mineral concentration were noted in CC98/99. Seed protein concentration for the remaining genotypes was statistically non-significant from one another. Longer period was taken by CM 2000 for flowering and maturity (130 and 181 days, respectively). Minimum time to flowering and maturity was taken by CC98/99. Genotype CC 98/99 outyielded all other genotypes (2107 kg ha )1 ). Seed size and seed volume were strongly and positively correlated with protein content, weight after hydration, volume after hydration, hydration and swelling capacities (r ¼ 0.83-1.0). Strong correlation was also noted among different agronomic characters.

Twenty-two desi chickpea genotypes were subjected to consolidated zonal yield trials over fourteen locations. At Nuclear Institute of Food and Agriculture, the study was undertaken to characterise the best genotype regarding physicochemical, agronomic and consumer's acceptability characteristics. The data revealed the highest seed size (0.26 g), volume (0.21 mL), weight after hydration (0.54 g), volume after hydration (0.50 mL), hydration capacity (0.28 mL) and swelling capacity for genotype Bahawalpur. The genotypes 96A3148, CMN 2385/96, 99CC015 and PB2000 are preferred having minimum cooking time (<80.0 min). Highest concentration of protein (>20%) was observed in NCS 9904, NCS 911 and 99CC015. Shortest period for flowering was credited to PB 2000 and 96A3148 while minimum period for maturity was noted for NCS 9905. PB 2000 was declared high yielding genotype having 2340 kg ha À1 . Seed size was highly significantly correlated to seed volume (0.89), wet weight (0.97), wet volume (0.93), hydration Capacity (0.88) and swelling capacity (0.80). Days to maturity were negatively but highly significantly correlated to plant height (À.075) and yield (À0.86). Genotype 97086 out yielded all other genotypes in consolidated zonal yield trial over fourteen locations.

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Triple Test Cross (TTC) analyses were carried out to detect epistasis, and to estimate additive and dominance components of genetic variation in two seasons (kharif and spring/summer) for branches per plant, pod clusters per plant, pods per cluster, pod length, biomass, and harvest index in mungbean. The results revealed the absence of epistasis for all the traits in the kharif season but in contrast the presence of epistasis for pod clusters per plant and biomass in the spring/summer season. The partitioning of total epistasis revealed that both i type (additive × additive), and j and l type (additive × dominance, and dominance × dominance) interactions were significant with predominance effect of i type for pod clusters per plant and biomass. The additive and dominance gene effects were highly significant for branches per plant, pod length, and harvest index in both seasons; for pod clusters per plant and biomass in the kharif season; and for pods per cluster in spring/ summer season. The magnitude of additive variance was higher for all these traits in both seasons except for pods per cluster and pod length in the spring/summer season, which exhibited a higher value of dominance than additive variance. The direction of dominance was observed towards fewer pod clusters per plant, small pod size, and high harvest index. The predominance of i type interaction and additive gene action for most of the traits in the present investigation suggests the occurrence of selection in the late generations in the segregating population for the improvement of seed yield through yield components in mungbean.

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Genetic effects on controlling resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Eriksson)were determined in two wheat crosses, Bakhtawar-92 (B-92) x Frontana and Inqilab-91 x Fakhre Sarhad using area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) as a measure of stripe rust resistance. The resistant and susceptible parents involved in developing genetic populations were identified by initial assessment of 45 wheat accessions for stripe rust reaction. Mixed inheritance model was applied to the data analysis of six basic populations (P(1), F(1), P(2), B(1), B(2), and F(2)) in the crosses. The results indicated that AUDPC in cross 1 was controlled by two major genes with additive-dominance epistatic effect plus polygenes with additive-dominance-epistatic effects (model E) whereas, in the case of cross 2, it was under the control of two major genes with additive-dominance epistatic effect plus additive-dominant polygenes (model E-1). Additive effect was predominant over all other types of genetic effects, suggesting that the delay in selection for resistance until maximum favorable genes are accumulated in the individuals is desired. The tendency of backcrosses toward their respective pollen donor parents indicated the control of resistance through nuclear genes rather than the cytoplasmic factors. Occurrence of resistant as well as susceptible transgressive segregates (though very few in F(2) for each cross) indicated the presence of favorable as well as some adverse genes for resistance to stripe rust in the parents. The major gene heritability was higher than that of the polygene in B(1), B(2), and F(2) for the crosses. The major gene as well as the polygene heritability was 48.99 to 87.12% and 2.26 to 36.80% for the two crosses, respectively. The highest phenotypic variations in AUDPC (2,504.10 to 5,833.14) for segregating progenies (B(1), B(2), and F(2)) represent that the character was highly influenced by the environment. The experimental results of the two crosses indicate that resistance to stripe rust is under control of two major genes in association with several polygene rather than cytoplasmic inheritance.

AUDPC (2504.10 to 5833.14) for segregating progenies (BC 1, BC2 and F2) represent that the character was highly influenced by the environment.