This study shows that the synchronous mode of LVAD operation is feasible. Moreover, a delay in device contraction until the second half of the cardiac cycle optimizes ventricular unloading and may eventually improve myocardial recovery.
We describe the placement of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) in a pig with spontaneously occurring atrial septal defect (ASD) (incidental finding) that created a right -left cardiac shunt, with subsequent severe hypoxaemia. Early diagnosis was critical in order to prevent end-organ damage due to hypoxaemia. Adequate monitoring alerted us to the deterioration in oxygenation, haemodynamics and cerebral oxygen metabolism. This forced us to change the level of assistance provided by the pump, and thus dramatically correct this impairment. Necropsy revealed an ostium secundum ASD. In conclusion, if hypoxaemia presents after implementation of an LVAD, the presence of a right -left shunt must be ruled out. The first step must be a judicious reduction in assist device flow to minimize intracardiac shunting. Subsequently, atrial septal closure of the defect should be considered. We report an experimental model of severe hypoxaemia after placement of an LVAD as part of a larger research project.
Background and Goal of Study: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with a transition of pulsatile to non-pulsatile flow generated by the heart-lung machine. Non-pulsatile flow may deteriorate postoperative organ perfusion, but this has only scarcely been investigated on a microcirculatory level. We therefore hypothesized that non-pulsatile flow negatively influences microcirculatory perfusion in cardiac surgery, and this is prevented by pulsatile flow during ex tracorporeal circulation. Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graf t (CABG) surgery were randomized into a non-pulsatile (n=15) or pulsatile (n=15) CPB group. Sublingual mucosal microvascular function was measured at preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative time points using sidestream dark field imaging and quantified as the level of perfused vessel density (PVD) and microvascular flow index (MFI). Microcirculation measurements were paralleled by hemodynamic and inflammatory parameter analysis. Results and Discussion: The observed reduction in PVD during aorta crossclamping was only restored in the pulsatile flow group and increased from 15.5±2.4 mm/mm 22 upon intensive care unit admission (P< 0.01). The median postoperative MFI was higher in the pulsatile group (2.8 (2.7-2.9)) than in the non-pulsatile group (2.5 (1.9-2.7); P< 0.05). There was no association of preserved microcirculatory vessel perfusion with inflammatory parameters. Pulsatile flow was associated with improved oxygen consumption from 71±14 to 85±14 ml/min/m 2 (P< 0.05) during aorta cross-clamping, which was not found for non-pulsatile flow. to 20.3±3.7 mm/mm Conclusion: Pulsatile CPB preserves microcirculatory perfusion throughout the early postoperative period. Improved oxygen consumption during pulsatile flow suggests decreased microcirculatory shunting during CPB, which may contribute to the observed preservation of microcirculatory function in the perioperative period.
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