This guide describes a high-level, technology-neutral framework for assessing potential benefits from and economic market potential for energy storage used for electric-utility-related applications. The overarching theme addressed is the concept of combining applications/benefits into attractive value propositions that include use of energy storage, possibly including distributed and/or modular systems. Other topics addressed include: high-level estimates of application-specific lifecycle benefit (10 years) in $/kW and maximum market potential (10 years) in MW. Combined, these criteria indicate the economic potential (in $Millions) for a given energy storage application/benefit. The benefits and value propositions characterized provide an important indication of storage system cost targets for system and subsystem developers, vendors, and prospective users. Maximum market potential estimates provide developers, vendors, and energy policymakers with an indication of the upper bound of the potential demand for storage. The combination of the value of an individual benefit (in $/kW) and the corresponding maximum market potential estimate (in MW) indicates the possible impact that storage could have on the U.S. economy.The intended audience for this document includes persons or organizations needing a framework for making first-cut or high-level estimates of benefits for a specific storage project and/or those seeking a high-level estimate of viable price points and/or maximum market potential for their products. Thus, the intended audience includes: electric utility planners, electricity end users, non-utility electric energy and electric services providers, electric utility regulators and policymakers, intermittent renewables advocates and developers, Smart Grid advocates and developers, storage technology and project developers, and energy storage advocates. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACTdischarge and PV array size. Hence, a procedure has been developed, and is described herein, to acquire these efficiency versus SOC measurements. Preliminary results agree with existing general knowledge, and provide the details of charge efficiency versus state of charge for the specific battery under test.Specific charge versus state of charge information is particularly important for systems where a very large battery (that is, one designed to normally operate in the upper 10% or less of state of charge in order to achieve high load availability) is used. For example, a PV system for an area light may be designed to allow the light to not function for a couple of niqhts per year, but a communication repeater may be only allowed a couple of houFs per year of outage time (often less). One common method for increasing the availability of PV systems is to increase the size of the battery. Increasing battery size in a system implies that the battery will be operating at a BACKGROUND higher average state-of-charge. If a 100 amp-hour (Ah) battery is used in a system with a 30Ah daily load, then Batteries are often necessary in photovoltaic (PV) one would expect the battery to be operating in the 70% systems to store energy generated while the sun is to 100% SoC regime on the average. If this Same load shining. Therefore, it is important to understand the Was operated with a 330Ah battery, then the battery specific requirements of batteries when designing a PV would be expected to operate in the 90% to 100% SoC system. This includes an understanding of the amount of regime on the average. Because charge efficiency energy that will be lost in battery charging.decreases with increasing battery state-of-charge, the Overestimating these battery charging losses results in a system with the larger battery may also need a larger pv larger PV array than required, whereas underestimating array to account for the higher losses associated with them results in unanticipated loss of load as well as the operating at a higher average sot. Battery charge possibility of damaging batteries because of lack of efficiency is also a function Of charge rate, with lower providing a'periodic high state-of-charge.rates resulting in higher efficiencies. The larger battery It is generally understood that battery chargeWill be Operating with a lower charge rate, which will efficiency is high (above 95%) at low states of charge and result in higher charge efficiency. A decision on that this efficiency drops off near full charge. However, increased array size must be made with full knowledge of actual battery charge efficiencies are often stated as charge efficiency at the actual charge rate being though efficiency is linear across all states of charge, with employed. general guidance that it drops off at higher states ofThe testing reported on here examined a single charge. Details concerning actual charge efficiency as a sample of the Trojan 30XHS battery. This is a 12-vok function of state-of-charge (SOC) would be very useful to flood...
This Guide describes a high level, technology-neutral framework for assessing potential benefits from and economic market potential for energy storage used for electric utilityrelated applications.
As the need for stored electrical energy has grown, the lead-acid battery has been the primary storage component until very recently. Although improvements in lead-acid technology have been made over the years, short life expectancy and poor component reliability have driven energy storage customers in search of longer life and higher reliability storage technologies. New technology batteries have been developed as well as other non-battery storage devices that are meeting the needs for higher energy densities and more reliability. This paper discusses these emerging energy storage technologies and how they are being used in modem energy storage requirements.
Sandia National Laboratories and Black & Veatch, Inc., conducted a system feasibility study to examine options for placing at Boulder City, Nevada an advanced energy storage system that can store off-peak, hydroelectric generated electricity for use during on-peak times. It evaluated the feasibility and economic impact of an energy storage demonstration project currently under consideration for the Municipal Utility Power Company for the City of Boulder City. The study included evaluations of a proposed site and appropriate advanced battery technologies, pre-conceptual design, artist's conceptions, seasonal electricity load profiles, cost estimates for the battery storage system plus site development and operating costs, and an economic evaluation of the site's payback potential. The study concluded that the Boulder City site is a viable candidate for a Demonstration Unit of an advanced Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) utilizing either Sodium Sulfur, Vanadium Redox, or Zinc Bromine and Regenesys® technologies and that it would provide a net value to the City of Boulder.
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