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Summary: Phoma minutispora was repeatedly isolated from skin lesions of two patients. Experimental infection was developed on rabbits and scrapings revealed fungal filaments and ostiolate pycnidia similar to those of P. minutispora. This is the first reported association of P. minutispora with human skin lesions. Zusammenfassung: Phoma minutispora wurde wiederholt aus Hautläsionen bei zwei Patienten isoliert. Kaninchenhaut ließ sich experimentell infizieren. Der Erreger wurde aus den Krankheitserscheinungen rückisoliert. Dieses ist der erste Bericht über eine Beziehung zwischen Phoma minutispora und Hautveränderungen beim Menschen.

The population characteristics of the louse, Upupicola upupae (Shrank) (Mallophaga: Philopteridae: Ishnocera), infesting the Common Hoopae, Upupa epops L. (Aves: Upupiformes), were recorded during 2007–08 in District Rampur, Uttar Pradesh India. The pattern of frequency distribution of the louse conformed to the negative binomial model. The lice and its nits were reared in vitro at 35 ± 1° C, 75–82 % RH, on a feather diet. The data obtained was used to construct the life table and to determine the intrinsic rate of natural increase (0.035 female/day), the net reproductive rate was 3.67 female eggs/female, the generation time was 37 days, and the doubling time of the population was 19 days. The chaetotaxy of the three nymphal instars has also been noted to record their diagnostic characteristics. Information on egg morphology and antennal sensilla is also presented.

Very little attention has been paid towards the role of Mallophaga in reservoiring and transmitting infectious agents amongst their hosts. A survey of literature reveals that two haematophagous mallophagans infesting poultry birds can act as vectors of pathogens causing cholera, typhoid or even toxoplasmosis amongst their hosts. Their ability to reservoire Ornithosis bedsoniae and to transmit viruses of eastern equine encephalomyelitis has also been proved. Few other non haematophagous Mallophaga infesting swifts, dogs and swans are able to act as an intermediate host for filarial worms and one other infesting dogs is reported to act as vector of a cestode. On the other hand, some mallophagan species harbour rickettsia and bacteria and are reported to exhibit endosymbiosis or commensalism. Most of the species, noted for bacterial endosymbiosis are haematophagous. In the present article an attempt has been made to discuss the earlier work done on the pathogenecity and endosymbiosis of Mallophaga, so as to expose the scope of further work on this problem. Zusammenfassung Beziehung von Mallophagen zu Vogel‐ und Säugerpathogenen Bisher ist noch sehr wenig über die Rolle von Mallophagen als Reservoir und Überträger von Infektionskrankheiten ihrer Wirte bekannt. Eine Literaturübersicht zeigt, daß zwei bei Geflügel vorkommende Mallophagen als Vektor bei Cholera‐, Typhus‐ und Toxoplasmose‐Erreger fungieren können. Ihre Fähigkeit als Reservoir der Ornithosis bedsoniae zu dienen sowie zur Übertragung des Virus der östlichen Pferde‐Enzephalomyelitis ist ebenfalls erwiesen. Einige andere hämatophage Mallophagen, die auf Tauben, Hunde und Schwäne leben, können Zwischenwirte von Fadenwürmern, in einem Falle auch Vektor eines Bandwurms sein. Andererseits beherbergen einige mallophage Arten Rickettsien und Bakterien als Endosymbionten oder Kommensalen. Die meisten Arten mit bakteriellen Endosymbionten sind blutfressend. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, die bisherigen Erkenntnisse über die Pathogenität und Endosymbiose von Mallophagen auszuwerten, um damit eine Grundlage für künftige Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet zu schaffen.

The population indices show constant relation with the rise or fall in temperature, during summer and winter months. Lice index (monthly mean/bird) increased from February‐March corresponding the gradual increase in temperature. The peak index is obtained in May‐June when there is a sharp increase in temperature. The lower index is seen from September‐February, corresponding with the decline in temperature and increase in relative humidity. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen zur Saisondynamik des Federlings Lipeurus lawrensis tropicalis Pet. (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera) bei Geflügel Die Populations‐Indices von L. lawrensis tropicalis zeigten während der Sommer‐ und Wintermonate konstante Relationen zwischen dem Auftreten des Mallophagen am Geflügel und der Außentemperatur. Der Spitzenindex wurde — nach starkem Temperaturanstieg — im Mai/Juni erreicht. Der Minimalindex wurde zwischen September und Februar bei niedriger Temperatur aber relativ hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit beobachtet.

One strain each of granular and downy varieties of Trichophyton mentagrophytesand two strains each of granular and floccose colonial types of Trichophyton rubrum were used for preparation of antigens. The antigens were analyzed by double diffusion against homologous and heterologous antisera raised in rabbits. A total of 17 distinct antigens were recognized, seven of which were common to the two dermatophytes. Granular and downy varieties of these Trichophyton species produced one additional line of nonidentity. Cross reactions failed to establish any relationship between similar morphologic forms of different dermatophytes. One isolate of T. rubrum, which was originally the floccose culture type but changed into the granular form after artificial infection, showed an antigenic relationship to the floccose culture.

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