Within the limitation of this study, the results indicate for the first time that fibrin-hOMSC constructs are endowed with the constitutive capacity to develop into mineralized tissues that exhibit certain similarities to cementum and bone.
Scorpion alpha-toxins from Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus, LqhII and LqhIII, are similarly toxic to mice when administered by a subcutaneous route, but in mouse brain LqhII is 25-fold more toxic. Examination of the two toxins effects in central nervous system (CNS), peripheral preparations and expressed sodium channels revealed the basis for their differential toxicity. In rat brain synaptosomes, LqhII binds with high affinity, whereas LqhIII competes only at high concentration for LqhII-binding sites in a voltage-dependent manner. LqhII strongly inhibits sodium current inactivation of brain rBII subtype expressed in HEK293 cells, whereas LqhIII is weakly active at 2 microM, suggesting that LqhIII affects sodium channel subtypes other than rBII in the brain. In the periphery, both toxins inhibit tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current inactivation in dorsal root ganglion neurons, and are strongly active directly on the muscle and on expressed muI channels. Only LqhII, however, induced repetitive end-plate potentials in mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm muscle preparation by direct effect on the motor nerve. Thus, rBII and sodium channel subtypes expressed in peripheral nervous system (PNS) serve as the main targets for LqhII but are mostly not sensitive to LqhIII. Toxicity of both toxins in periphery may be attributed to the direct effect on muscle. Our data elucidate, for the first time, how different toxins affect mammalian central and peripheral excitable cells, and reveal unexpected subtype specificity of toxins that interact with receptor site 3.
RESUMENLa relación longitud-peso y el factor de condición (K) son descriptores de gran interés en la biología de poblaciones de peces, ya que aportan información fundamental sobre estrategias de crecimiento, estado nutricional y reproducción. También son parámetros ampliamente utilizados para comparar la condición de poblaciones que habitan en sistemas acuáticos con distintos grados de intervención antrópica. Por ello, conocer el comportamiento de poblaciones que habitan en ecosistemas prístinos, entrega información de base, relevante para comprender cambios o efectos en poblaciones sometidas a estas presiones. El río San Pedro de la cuenca del Valdivia, sur de Chile, es un sistema que se caracteriza por su actual bajo nivel de intervención, su alta diversidad íctica y baja abundancia de especies introducidas. En este trabajo describimos la relación longitud-peso y factor de condición de 12 especies de peces nativos del río San Pedro, durante más dos ciclos anuales, analizando sus estrategias de crecimiento y variabilidad estacional del factor de condición. Los resultados de la relación longitud-peso muestran que gran parte de las especies presentan un crecimiento isométrico, especialmente Diplomystes camposensis, Basilichthys australis y Brachygalaxias bullocki. Sin embargo, algunas especies presentan una tendencia a la alometría (Galaxias maculatus, Galaxias platei y Trichomycterus areolatus). Los valores de K muestran que especies como Percilia gillissi poseen una marcada variabilidad anual, posiblemente asociada a las épocas reproductivas y de mayor oferta de alimento. Entregamos esta información como base para entender el funcionamiento de poblaciones ícticas en condiciones naturales y para ser utilizada en la evaluación de futuros proyectos que puedan impactar estos ecosistemas.Palabras clave: Río San Pedro, relación longitud -peso, K, peces nativos. ABSTRACTThe length-weight relationship and condition factor (K) are useful descriptors in population fi sh biology, because they provide essential information on growth strategies, nutritional status and reproduction. They are also parameters widely used to compare the condition of aquatic systems with varying degrees of human intervention. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of populations in pristine ecosystems, provides relevant basic information to understanding changes or effects in populations under these pressures. The San Pedro river (Valdivia basin), southern Chile, is a system characterized by its current low intervention level, high fi sh diversity and low abundance of introduced species. We describe the length-weight relationship and condition factor of 12 native fi sh of the San Pedro river, for over two annual cycles, analyzing their growth strategies and seasonal variability in condition factor. The results of the length-weight show that the most of species exhibit isometric growth, especially Diplomystes camposensis, Basilichthys australis and Brachygalaxias bullocki, however, some species have a tendency to allometry (Galaxias maculatus, Gal...
The use of recombinant proteins has revolutionized the development of biologic pharmaceuticals; however, they are not free of complications. Some have very high molecular weight, some demonstrate in vivo instability, and the high cost of producing them remains a major problem. On the other hand, it has been shown that peptides derived from active domains keep their biologic activity and can trigger events, such as osteogenesis and bone regeneration. Small peptides are advantageous because of their ease of synthesis and handling and their low immunogenic activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the functions of a synthetic peptide, cementum protein 1-peptide1 (CEMP-1-p1), both in vitro and in vivo. Our results show that CEMP-1-p1 significantly enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells toward a mineralizing-like phenotype, as evidenced by increasing alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-specific activity and osterix, runt-related transcription factor (RUNX)-2, integrin binding sialoprotein, bone morphogenetic protein-2, osteocalcin, and cementum protein (CEMP)-1 expression at mRNA and protein levels. In vivo assays performed through standardized critical-size calvarial defects in rats treated with CEMP-1-p1 resulted in newly formed bone after 30 and 60 d. These data demonstrate that CEMP-1-p1 is an effective bioactive peptide for bone tissue regeneration. The application of this bioactive peptide may lead to implementing new strategies for the regeneration of bone and other mineralized tissues.-Correa, R., Arenas, J., Montoya, G., Hoz, L., López, S., Salgado, F., Arroyo, R., Salmeron, N., Romo, E., Zeichner-David, M., Arzate, H. Synthetic cementum protein 1-derived peptide regulates mineralization in vitro and promotes bone regeneration in vivo.
A cementum protein 1‐derived peptide (CEMP1‐p1) consisting of 20 amino acids from the CEMP1's N‐terminus region: MGTSSTDSQQAGHRRCSTSN, and its role on the mineralization process in a cell‐free system, was characterized. CEMP1‐p1's physicochemical properties, crystal formation, and hydroxyapatite (HA) nucleation assays were performed. Crystals induced by CEMP1‐p1 were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy‐attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and atomic force microscopy. The results indicate that CEMP1‐p1 lacks secondary structure, forms nanospheres that organize into three‐dimensional structures, possesses affinity to HA, and induces its nucleation. CEMP1‐p1 promotes the formation of spherical structures composed by densely packed prism‐like crystals, which revealed a Ca/P ratio of 1.56, corresponding to HA. FTIR‐ATR showed predominant spectrum peaks that correspond and are characteristic of HA and octacalcium phosphate (OCP). Analysis by XRD indicates that the crystals show planes with a preferential crystalline orientation for HA and for OCP. HRTEM showed interplanar distances that correspond to crystalline planes of HA and OCP. Crystals are composed by superimposed lamellae, which exhibit epitaxial growth, and each layer of the crystals is structured by nanocrystals. This study reveals that CEMP1‐p1 regulates HA crystal formation, somehow mimicking the in vivo process of mineralized tissues bioformation.
RESUMENLos estadíos de huevos, larvas y juveniles de los peces de agua dulce nativos de Chile son prácticamente desconocidos. Conocer su estacionalidad, morfología y uso de hábitat es relevante para comprender su biología y permitir la conservación de esta ictiofauna altamente amenazada. Asimismo, los primeros estadíos del ciclo de vida de los peces determinan la persistencia de las poblaciones en el tiempo. Dado esto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue dar a conocer y describir los resultados de intensivos muestreos (465 días) destinados a encontrar los primeros estadíos de las 14 especies nativas que habitan el río San Pedro (cuenca del Valdivia). Los muestreos se efectuaron desde octubre de 2005 a marzo de 2008. Se encontraron huevos, larvas y juveniles de Galaxias maculatus, Basilichthys australis y Percilia gillissi; larvas y juveniles de Geotria australis y Trichomycterus areolatus, y juveniles de Diplomystes camposensis, Percichthys trucha y Cheirodon australe. En cada caso se describe la época y hábitat de ocurrencia, así como sus características morfológicas generales, lo cual para P. gillissi constituye la primera descripción de sus estadíos de desarrollo embrional y larvario. En general, se aprecia una segregación espaciotemporal de las épocas de desove y crianza de larvas marcada por el uso de las planicies de inundación como sitios de crianza. La extensión temporal de este estudio a escala de ambientes ribereños sugeriría que los esfuerzos de búsqueda de aquellos primeros estadíos no detectados podrían enfocarse en ambientes más profundos o correntosos. PALABRAS CLAVE:Huevos, larvas, juveniles, peces nativos, Chile. ABSTRACTEggs, larvae and juveniles stages of the Chilean native freshwater fi sh are practically unknown. To know their seasonality, morphology and habitat use is relevant to understand their biology and to allow the conservation of this highly threatened ichthyofauna. Likewise, the early stages of fi sh's life cycle are highly labile and their success determines the persistence of the populations over time. For this reason the aims of this work is to report and describe the results of intensive samplings performed to fi nd the early stages of the 14 native species that inhabit in the San Pedro River (Valdivia river Basin). Samplings were done during 465 days along the river, from October 2005 to March 2008. We found eggs, larvae and juveniles of Galaxias maculatus, Basilichthys australis and Percilia gillissi, larvae and juveniles of Geotria australis and Trichomycterus areolatus; and juveniles only of Diplomystes camposensis, Percichthys trucha and Cheirodon australe. We describe the season and habitat of occurrence, as well as their general morphological characteristics. This is the fi rst description of embryonic and larval development stages for P. gillissi. A spatial-temporal segregation of the spawning and larvae rearing is observed, mainly marked by the use of the fl oodplain as rearing sites. The temporal extention of this study at riparian scale suggests than efforts in searc...
Regenerative therapy in oral tissues has gained relevance since tissue loss due to congenital or acquired diseases as well as trauma is a major health problem worldwide. Regeneration depends on the natural capacity of the body and the use of biomaterials and bioactive molecules that can module the processes to replace lost or damaged tissues and restore function. The combined use of scaffolds, cells, and bioactive molecules such as peptides is considered the best approach to achieve tissue regeneration. These peptides can induce diverse cellular processes as they can influence cell behavior and also can modify scaffold properties, giving as a result the enhancement of cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and biomineralization that are required given the complex nature of oral tissues. Specifically, synthetic peptides (SP) have a positive influence on scaffold biocompatibility since in many cases they can mimic the function of a natural peptide or a full-length protein. Besides, they are bioactive molecules easy to produce, process, and modify, and they can be prepared under well-defined and controlled conditions. This review aims to compile the most relevant information regarding advances in SP for dental and periodontal tissue regeneration, their biological effects, and their clinical implications. Even though most of the SP are still under investigation, some of them have been studied in vitro and in vivo with promising results that may lead to preclinical studies. Besides there are SP that have shown their efficacy in clinical trials such as P11-4 for enamel regeneration or caries prevention and ABM/P-15 for cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone on a previously calculus- and biofilm-contaminated zone. Also, some SP are commercially available such as PTH1-34 and PepGen P-15 which are used for bone defects treatment.
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