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In 1996, Bolhuis and Chowhan compiled a review of excipients that were used for the direct compaction of tablets. This article updates that review because since that time there has been considerable activity in this area. New single component and coprocessed filler-binders have been introduced. In addition, there have been advances in the understanding of how such substances act and hence how they can be optimally designed.

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Maize, potato, rice and tapioca (cassava) starch were evaluated with respect to their properties on direct compression. Rice starch showed much better compactibility as compared to maize, potato and tapioca starch. Moreover, its binding capacity proved to be almost insensitive to mixing with magnesium stearate. This in contrast to the dramatic decrease in crushing strength of potato starch tablets containing the lubricant. The compactibility of the starches was found to be strongly affected by the equilibrium moisture content of the starches, which is dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere under which the powders were stored. All starches showed adequate capacity for water uptake to act as a disintegrant. Rice starch exhibited worst flowability, caused by its fine particle size as compared to the other starches. Granulation of rice starch changed it into a potential filler-binder in tablets prepared by direct compression.

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