Elastase inhibiting activity (EIA) was demonstrated in the epidermis from lesions and in psoriatic scale, whereas normal epidermis did not contain significant EIA. Two new elastase inhibitors were partially purified and characterized using psoriatic scale as a source. The two species (approximate molecular weights 10 and 20 kDa) were shown to be stable, and high-affinity inhibitors of human leucocyte elastase (Ki less than 10(-10) M). No activity against human cathepsin G could be demonstrated. Cultured human keratinocytes were shown to contain EIA activity similar to that found in psoriatic scale. EIA could also be demonstrated in human epidermis following the induction of an experimental inflammatory response by sellotape-stripping. We propose the acronym SKALP (skin-derived antileucoprotease) as a name for these new proteinase inhibitors.

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In this study we describe a method to measure intracellular pH in cultured human keratinocytes using flow cytometry. Keratinocytes pose a technical problem because the population is heterogeneous with respect to size and metabolic activity (nonspecific esterase activity), resulting in variability in dye uptake. In order to compensate for this, dyes were selected that change colour with pH. The ratio of fluorescence intensities at two wavelengths was recorded and used as a measure of intracellular pH by reference to the pH in the presence of the proton ionophore nigericin. However, methods published till now do not routinely combine the ratiometric technique and excitation with an argon ion laser set at 488 nm. Therefore we have tested the recently developed pH-sensitive dye carboxyseminaphthorhodafluor-1 (SNARF-I ) as a possible candidate for flow cytometric pH measurements and compared it with 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) and 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone (DCH) with respect to emission spectra, resolution, range, and stability of cellular fluorescence. SNARF-1 had a practical and stable excitation wavelength of 488 nm rather than UV, it offered the possibility of ratiometric measurements on the basis of a real emission shift, and had superior resolution for the pH range 7-8. With SNARF-1 we found that keratinocytes cultured under low serum conditions (0.2%) contain a higher proportion of cells with relatively low intracellular pH compared to high serum cultures (6%). Furthermore, pH changes were followed by changes in relative DNA content. These findings suggest that intracellular pH can be an early functional proliferation marker for human keratinocytes.Key terms: Intracellular pH, proliferation, fluorescence intensity Cellular metabolism and function depends critically on maintenance of the intracellular (cytoplasmic) pH (pH,) within narrow limits. Measurement of pH, can therefore be used to obtain information about important processes in the cell, such as cell division (4,9). In contrast to other methods to detect changes in pHi, such as weak acid distribution and microelectrodes, the use of pH-sensitive fluorochromes in combination with flow cytometry allows analysis of heterogeneous cell populations on a single-cell basis.Human epidermis is a continuously renewing epithelium. Germinative cells in the lower layers are dividing in order to replace the dead cells in the upper layers, which are scaling off. In normal human epidermis not all of the germinative cells are cycling. We hypothesize that cell production is regulated by a G h G 1 induction of germinative cells (2). Methods to detect cycling cells, using the monoclonal antibody Ki-67 (3,171, anti-cyclin (7), or anti-BrdUrd (10,16) all have their own limitations. In this study our aim was the development of a flow cytometric method to measure ' pH, in quiescent and cycling keratinocytes using cultured keratinocytes as a model. We have tested the recently developed pH-sensitive dye SNARF-l(19) as a possible candidate to measure growth...

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Lesional psoriatic epidermis displays a number of phenotypic changes that are distinct from the differentiation program found in normal interfollicular epidermis. In psoriatic epidermis, keratinocytes are hyperproliferative and several differentiation-associated molecules are expressed that are absent in normal skin (e.g., cytokeratins (CK) 6, 16, and 17, and the epidermal proteinase inhibitor SKALP/ elafin). In addition, several molecules which are normally restricted to the stratum granulosum are strongly upregulated in the stratum spinosum (e.g., psoriasis-associated fatty acid binding protein (PA-FABP), psoriasin, involucrin, and transglutaminase). The aim of this study was to develop in vitro culture systems which (a) would allow to study the induction of normal and psoriatic differentiation pathways, and (b) would be amenable for screening of antipsoriatic drugs. Here we have investigated several models for induction of differentiation with respect to the expression of markers for the normal and psoriatic phenotype. Cell cycle parameters and expression levels of CK1, CK10, CK16, SKALP/elafin, transglutaminase, involucrin, psoriasin, and PA-FABP were assessed in these models using flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and Northern blot analysis. We observed that induction of differentiation with fetal calf serum resembled the psoriatic phenotype (sustained hyperproliferation; high levels of CK16, SKALP/elafin, transglutaminase, and involucrin; moderate psoriasin expression), whereas differentiation induced by growth factor depletion in a confluent culture resembled the normal differentiation phenotype (low proliferative rate; high expression levels of CK1 and CK10; moderate expression of involucrin and transglutaminase; low expression levels of SKALP/elafin and CK16; absence of psoriasin). We propose that these models can be used to study expression and pharmacological modulation of selected differentiation genes and the coordinated expression of sets of genes associated with epidermal differentiation programs.