1 Two cases of drug-induced rhabdomyolysis, one of them presenting with acute myoglobinuric renal failure are described. 2 The pathogenesis of rhabdomyolysis and renal failure in our cases is discussed with reference to work published by other authors. 3 Whereas there seems to be obvious evidence for direct toxic drug-muscle interaction, the mechanism for the development of myoglobinuric renal failure remains unclear.
Summary and conclusionsOut of 208 cases of coma of unknown aetiology referred to the poisons unit of this hospital during 1978 for emergency toxicological investigations, 108 were found to be due to self-poisoning. Medical conditions, mainly neurological, accounted for coma in 90 patients; the cause was not ascertained in the remaining 10 cases. More than one preparation had been ingested by 58 (54%) of the poisoned patients, although barbiturates were the drugs most commonly encountered in the severe cases.Toxicological investigations should be considered in the differential diagnosis of coma when history, physical examination, and emergency biochemical measurements yield little diagnostic information.
Fifteen patients who were severely poisoned with either hypnotic drugs or salicylate were treated by charcoal haemoperfusion. The device contained 100g of activated charcoal immobilised by fixation to a polyester film. Two patients showed no response and eventually died. The remainder showed marked lightening of coma and recovered uneventfully. Complications of platelet loss and, in one patient, fibrinolysis were observed, but these had no serious consequences. No significant biochemical disturbances occurred with the exception of one patient who presented with hypocalcaemia and required intravenous calcium throughout the treatment. Drug clearance values were comparable with those obtained with columns containing 300 g of acrylic polymer coated charcoal.
A haemoperfusion column containing activated charcoal coated with cellulose acetate was used to treat 7 patients with barbiturate or ethchlorvynol poisoning. Six of the patients showed marked lightening of coma and all showed a significant fall in plasma drug concentration. Plasma drug clearance and platelet loss were similar to those reported for other coated charcoal columns. Cellulose acetate-coated charcoal haemoperfusion may reduce the period of coma in severe poisoning with barbiturates and other hypnotic drugs and thus the morbidity and mortality.
Five different hemoperfusion devices have been used in the treatment of patients intoxicated with barbiturates. The changes in drug clearance values which occurred during hemoperfusion varied according to the device used. Even after very long periods of hemoperfusion, however, drug clearance values never fell to zero. Using data collected from comparable cases, it has been shown that the rate of uptake of chug from the blood is independent of the amount of adsorbent in the columns, those containing 100 gm charcoal having the same efficiency as the conventional 300 gm. The prime factor which determines the rate of drug uptake h a s been shown to be the arterial plasma drug concentrations. Other factors, such as the deposition of cellular debris and proteins a s hemoperfusion progresses, are also thought to influence the efficiency of drug removal. hemoperfusion, drug intoxication, charcoal, resin From the Poisons Unit, GuyS Hospital, London, SEl, England. ~~ ~~ The authors gratefully acknowledge the help of Mr. E. Esser and Mr. R Scott of the Pol.ions Unrt and Mr. Steven Lang of Smith and Nephew Re search Limited in the preparation of this work. This paper was presented, in part, at the "Hemoperfusion, Dialysate and Diafiltrate Purili'cation" Symposium, September 11-13, 1978, Tutring, Federal Republic of Germany.
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