IL33 and ST2 are abnormally expressed in SSc. In early SSc, upon EC activation/damage IL33 may be mobilised from ECs to signal through ST2 in key profibrotic players such as inflammatory/immune cells and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts.
In hemophilic arthropathy, the synovium highly expressed RANK and RANKL, whereas OPG immunopositivity decreased, suggesting an osteoclastic activation. Low tissue expression of OPG paralleled the serum levels of this protein and the severity of hemophilic arthropathy assessed by ultrasonography, Pettersson, and WFH orthopedic joint scale scores.
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