The preservation of biological diversity is impossible without the preservation of natural vegetation. Changes in physical and geographical conditions, succession of phytocenoses, lead to transformation of growing conditions and loss of ecological niches by species. Simultaneously with these processes, the number of alien species increases. Their expansion is facilitated by violations of habitats with natural vegetation cover. Surveys of the slopes of mount Mashuk revealed the distribution of 30 alien species of tree flora from 17 families. Half of them overcame the restrictions of reproduction, but could not pass the barrier associated with the spread of diasporas: Acer negundo, Aesculus hippocastanum, Catalpa speciosa, Celtis occidenatalis, Colutea orientalis, Gleditsia triacanthos, Hedera helix, Juglans regia, Lonicera tatarica, Mahonia repens, Malus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, Robinia viscosa, Spiraea vanhoutei, Vitis vinifera. Nine species — Acer pseudoplatanus, Amorpha fruticosa, Laburnum anagyroides, Morus alba, Morus nigra, Prunus mahaleb, Robinia pseudoacacia, Rubus ibericus and Vinca minor — settle and naturalize in disturbed, seminatural, and natural habitats. Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Platycladus orientalis, Syringa vulgaris are phytoceno-sotransformers, and Clematis vitalba is a biogeocenosotransformer.
Problems and prospects of botanical gardens in a changing climate are discussed in the article. An increase in the average annual surface air temperature, changes in seasonal indicators and the length of the growing season require action from botanical gardens. Decisions on the management of natural and man-made ecosystems, with the aim of their conservation and sustainable development, must be taken taking into account the ecological situation. The knowledge and experience concentrated in botanical gardens makes it possible to assess the threats and opportunities for climate change and develop adaptation measures to them. All activities of botanical gardens should be aimed at counteracting climate change, include preventive measures based on the expected plant responses and compensatory measures. Research work in all areas should take into account the situation with changing climatic parameters. Special attention should be paid to endemic rare and endangered species, historical landscapes, and changes in the assortment of resistant species, cultivation technologies, and biological invasions. Botanical gardens must be proactive by providing information, plant materials and technologies for national and global climate change adaptation programs.
Immovable objects of cultural heritage are inextricably linked to the place where they are located. The preservation of the object itself and its perception in the historical context guarantees the immutability of the protected area. Pyatigorsk historical and cultural heritage sites were used to assess the stability of their associated landscapes. The transformation of historical landscapes over time was established as a result of field research and analysis of the photo bank of data over a 125-year period. Landscape changes are associated with changes in vegetation during biological invasions, that is, they are the result of a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, Laburnum anagyroides Medik., Syringa vulgaris L. participate in the transformation of the landscape of the Lermontov grotto, and Robinia pseudoacacia L., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, and Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. participate in the transformation of the landscape of the Diana’s Grotto. All of them in previous years were introduced to the culture for use in landscaping Pyatigorsk. Their distribution and introduction to local cenoses began at the end of the XX century, after they entered the stage of naturalization. The listed invasive species have different geographical origins (Europe, Eas t Asia, North America) and belong to different life forms (coniferous tree, deciduous tree, deciduous shrub, deciduous liana). Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, Syringa vulgaris L., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle are phytocenozotransformers, that is, they are dangerous not only for the landscapes of cultural heritage sites, but also for native plant communities. Robinia pseudoacacia L., Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. And Laburnum anagyroides Medik. are currently epectophytes, which does not exclude the possibility of their transition to agriophytes. The restoration of historical landscapes requires human intervention.
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