The biofouling is any non-desirable accumulation and growth of living matters on the material surfaces. Four grafting agents, Acrylic acid (AA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and Methyl acrylate (MA) were grafted on a polyamide fiber (PA6) with two techniques "simultaneous UV irradiation and grafting" (SUVIG) and "pre-UV irradiation (PUVI). It revealed that all used grafting chemicals grafted on the PA6 fiber surface efficiently. The SEM micrographs showed that the surface of the ungrafted PA6 fiber was relatively smooth, but for the grafted fibers, they were coarse and the grafted chemicals distributed on the PA6 surface heterogeneously. The grafting of the used grafting agents on the PA6 fiber surface increased the glass transition temperature of the PA6 fiber. The grafting of the PA6 fiber altered its crystallinity depending on the type of the grafting agent. With except of the MA, the hydrophilicity of the grafted PA6 fibers was higher than the ungrafted PA6 fiber. The grafting efficiency percentages and degrees were remarkably higher for the PUVI technique when compared with the SUVIG technique. The results of the biological tests showed that the MA was a suitable grafting agent for increasing anti-biofouling property of the PA6 fiber.
The functionalizing of a fiber surface by a chemical may alter the physical and biological properties of the fiber. The functionalization of a polypropylene fiber (PP) by selected monomers (1) acrylic acid (AA), (2) 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), (3) 2-dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and (4) methyl acrylate (MA) studied using two different ultraviolet (UV) irradiation techniques, simultaneous UV irradiation and functionalization (SUVF) and pre-UV irradiation (PUV). Based on the measured grafting parameters, it found, the tendency of monomers for functionalizing on the PP surface was the highest for the AA and HEMA, and the lowest for the MA and DMAEMA for used SUVF and PUV techniques, respectively. The SEM micrographs showed the smooth surface of the PP fiber changed to a rough surface after functionalization. The functionalization also increased the crystallinity with little effect on melting point of the fiber. Except for the MA, functionalization increased the hydrophilic properties of the fiber. The PUV technique was more effective on the grafting degree % of the monomer than the SUVF technique for functionalized fibers with HEMA and MA. The biological experiments demonstrated the eligibility of AA as a favorable functionalizing agent for increasing the anti-bio-fouling properties of the studied PP fiber. K E Y W O R D Santi-bio-fouling, functionalization, functionalizing agent, polypropylene fiber | INTRODUCTIONMarine bio-fouling is any undesirable process results in precipitation and expansion of micro-and macroorganisms on the submerged surfaces in seawater. [1] The biofilm production with different bio-fouls is a global issue on marine constructions such as vessel hulls, heat exchangers, and aquaculture cages. Bio-fouling occurs on the coated surfaces even when treated with anti-fouling paints. However, the biofilm expansion may terminated with special modification of the solid surface. The surface modification may prevent the attachment of the bio-fouls on the surface. [2] The main issue related to bio-fouling in seawater is submerged fiber (polypropylene, PP) used in manufacture of fish cages. The seawater flow through the fish cage may be stopped by bio-foul growth on the fiber surface. This process reduces the solved oxygen in the seawater resulted in the death of the fishes inside the
The previous research showed the anti-biofouling improvement of the polyamide six (PA6) fiber when grafted by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) individually, and in combination with acrylic acid (AA) known as dual monomers system. The effects of several operative parameters, including vessel reaction temperature and time, ultra violet (UV) pre-irradiation time, and also HEMA-AA mole ratios (for dual system) on the surface grafting of a PA6 fiber by HEMA and also, dual HEMA-AA system were studied. The studied grafting parameters were grafting degree ( D), grafting efficiency ( E), formed homo and or co-polymer ( Y), reaction extent ( K), and reaction ratio ( R). A pre-UV irradiation technique (PUVA) used for irradiation of the fibers. The results showed efficient polymerization and grafting reactions for the selected operative parameters. The increasing reaction temperature reduced the grafting of the HEMA and AA on the fiber surface. Instead, it accelerated the homo and or co-polymerization of the HEMA and AA monomers. The reaction time had the lowest effect on the homo and co-polymer formation of the used monomers in the studied dual HEMA-AA system. The increasing pre-UV irradiation time was beneficial for the grafting of the studied monomers on the PA6 fiber. The reason referred to increasing the number and concentration of the active sites on the fiber surface.
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