The
delineation of pore size and surface area distribution and
methane sorption-diffusion capacity in gas shale reservoirs is crucial
for the estimation of storage capacity, anticipating flow characteristics,
and field development. A systematic approach and guidelines are needed
for the analysis of the pore size and surface area distribution of
shale formations. The effect of shale sample size on the gas sorption
and diffusion properties is not well understood either. The low-pressure
nitrogen adsorption technique is a prevalent method for pore characterization
of nanoporous shale formations. Although researchers adopted some
corrections to the classical method for the analysis of pore size
and surface area distribution, there is a significant mismatch between
different approaches in depicting fine mesopore size and surface area
(2–10 nm). In this study, the classical methods and density
functional theory are employed to comparatively analyze the pore characteristics
of some shale and clay samples for their applicability, efficacy,
and consistency issues. Furthermore, the effect of shale particle
size on the methane sorption capacity and diffusion is being investigated.
It seems that confinement stress has less of a considerable effect
on methane sorption (6% decrease). However, crushing shale rocks into
smaller particles can significantly overestimate the methane adsorption
capacity. The methane diffusion coefficient also increases with increasing
the shale particle size by more than an order of magnitude.
In this study, a deepwater pipeline-riser system that experienced hydrates was modelled in MAXIMUS 6.20 (an integrated production modelling tool) to understand, predict and mitigate hydrates formation in typical deepwater system. Highlights of the results from this study suggest that the injection of low-dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs) into the hydrate-forming structures within the multiphase flow stream disperses the hydrates particles in an irregular manner and subsequently decreases the nucleation rate of the hydrate and prevents the formation of hydrates. This study found that the cost of using monoethylene glycol was significantly higher than that of LDHI by over $500/day although low-dosage hydrate inhibitors have initial relatively high CAPEX. In the long run, its OPEX is relatively low, making it cost-effective for hydrate inhibition in deepwater scenarios.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.