We herein report a rare case of primary malignant urethral melanoma developed in an elderly Japanese patient with hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. An 80-year-old female presented at our hospital with a history of urodynia and perineal pain lasting for several months. Cystoscopy revealed cystitis and urethritis with erosion. At that time, urinary cytology was negative for malignancy, although melanophages were observed. Four months later, lower abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging indicated urethral tumors. Urinary cytology subsequently detected malignant melanoma, and a biopsy of the urethra confirmed malignancy. Although inguinal lymph node metastasis was found 16 months postoperatively, the patient has remained free of disease for more than six years after surgery and chemotherapy.

Gene fusions involving two of the MiT subfamily factors, such as TFE3, TFEB, TFC and MiTF, have been identified in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Xp11.2 translocation RCC is a rare pediatric neoplasm that harbors gene fusions involving TFE3, which plays an important role in cell proliferation and survival. We herein present a case of RCC associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion in a 14-year-old Japanese boy presenting gross hematuria and body weight loss. The tumor was characterized by histopathology, cytology and TFE3-immunohistochemistry/immunocytochemistry. Knowledge of distinctive morphological and immunostaining features of this tumor can help to accurately diagnose this rare subset of translocation associated RCC in routine pathological diagnostic procedures.

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Microscopy can detect the presence of amoebic trophozoites in cerebrospinal fluid and tissue. The infection was confirmed in the present case by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, but we were unable to achieve a cure. Our case rapidly progressed without any skin lesions.

A 55-year-old Japanese man presented with rapidly growing tumor in the left parotid region without any symptoms. Based on the fine-needle aspiration cytology report of parotid epithelial malignant tumor (suggestive of salivary duct carcinoma), the left parotidectomy was performed. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry examinations revealed features of salivary duct carcinoma. Although salivary duct carcinoma comprising a small proportion of salivary gland tumors and is known to be aggressive, he is free from recurrence and metastases 36 months after the surgery and radiation therapy.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), which shows a variable clinical presentation, is a disease that involves the proliferation of histiocytes. LCH occurs at any age and can affect a single system or multiple systems. The successful and accurate diagnosis of cases involving multiple organs requires a multidisciplinary approach. Since LCH receives limited attention, failure to recognize this disease in the early pediatric age can result in progression into adulthood. This study presents the clinical manifestations, imaging findings, pathological and cytological features, treatment strategies and prognoses of seven cases of LCH that were managed in a single hospital over the last 12 years. The ages of the patients ranged from 1 to 58 years. The sites at which LCH developed included the skin, lung, bone, lymph nodes and brain: one patient (adult male) had single-system/single-site LCH, three patients (adult male, adult female and girl) had single-system/ multi-site LCH and three patients (adult female and two girls) had multi-system/multi-site LCH. BRAF V600E mutation was suggested in an adult female with multi-system/multi-site LCH and an adult male with single-system/multi-site LCH. We also discuss the pathogenesis and review the relevant literature.

Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the peripheral lung is a rare entity. Here we report two cases of primary ACC. Case 1 is an 84-year-old male with a past-medical history of cecal cancer presented with a 10 mm left upper lung nodule. Case 2 is a 40-year-old female who presented with 30 mm right upper lobe. Intraoperative (Case 1) and pre-operative (Case 2) histopathologic and cytologic diagnoses were consistent with a primary peripheral lung ACC. An upper lobectomy±mediastinal lymph node dissection was performed and immunohistochemical staining with thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1, c-KIT and MYB on the excision specimen confirmed our diagnosis. carcinoma in the peripheral lung: a cytological, histopathological and immunohistochemical report of two cases. Pathol Discov. 2015; 3:3. http://dx.

An 84-year-old woman suffered from post-menopausal genital bleeding for 3 months. Based on the endometrial cytological findings (suggestive of high grade neuroendocrine carcinoma) showing that there were rosette-like and cord-like structures consisting of small rounded tumor cells with oval nuclei and scanty cytoplasm, radical hysterectomy was performed. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations on the operated specimens revealed primary high grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the endometrium. Despite the extensive treatment against the malignancy, the patient died due to widespread metastases after 5 months after the surgery and autopsied.