No abstract

The effects of pulsed gas tungsten arc welding parameters on the morphology of additive layer manufactured Ti6Al4V has been investigated in this study. The peak current/base current ratio and pulse frequency are found to have no significant effect on the refinement of prior beta grain size. However, it is found that the wire feed rate has a considerable effect on the prior beta grain refinement at a given heat input. This is due to the extra wire input being able to supply many more heterogeneous nucleation sites and also results in a negative temperature gradient in the front of the liquidus which blocks the columnar growth and changes the columnar growth to equiaixal growth.

No abstract

Graphene and its derivatives are increasingly applied in nanoelectronics, biosensing, drug delivery, and biomedical applications. However, the information about its cytotoxicity remains limited. Herein, the distribution and cytotoxicity of graphene oxide (GO) and TiO2-graphene oxide composite (TiO2-GO composite) were evaluated in A549 cells. Cell viability and cell ultrastructure were measured. Our results indicated that GO could enter A549 cells and located in the cytoplasm and nucleus without causing any cell damage. TiO2 nanoparticles and GO would be separated after TiO2-GO composite entered A549 cells. TiO2-GO composite could induce cytotoxicity similar to TiO2 nanoparticles, which was probably attributed to oxidative stress. These results should be considered in the development of biological applications of GO and TiO2-GO composite.

No abstract

For the first time, the influence of laser power, scan speed, scan spacing and nominal laser power density on the tensile properties, dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, number of cracks and top surface concavity of samples of Hastelloy X manufactured using a laser powder bed facility, has been assessed systematically on three-dimensional samples. It has been found that the nominal laser power density is the dominant factor, but the influence of scan spacing and scan speed can sometimes be significant. Density of .99?5% can be obtained using most conditions. Cracks are observed at corners of the samples. An optimised process window can be derived from the above systematic analysis under which the component can be built smoothly, with good surface finish and dimensional accuracy, consistent mechanical properties and the properties are comparable with those of forged products.

No abstract

Despite the widespread use of silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) in biological and medical fields, their adverse effects have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, spherical SiO2 NPs with a 50 nm diameter were used to study their interaction with HaCaT cells. SiO2 NPs were found to be readily internalized into HaCaT cells and localized in the cytoplasm, lysosomes and autophagosomes. Decreased cell viability and damaged cell membrane integrity showed the cytotoxicity of SiO2 NPs. Significant glutathione depletion and reactive oxygen species generation, which reduced the cellular antioxidant level, could be the major factor of cytotoxicity induced by SiO2 NPs.