The left motor cortex, through beta2 band activity, interacts with abductor caudae medialis muscle tonicity during delta sleep. This interaction takes part in the mechanisms that regulate the sleep postures.

The normal sleep patterns of the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) have not been described yet. The objective of this study was to characterize the electrophysiological patterns, sleeping postures, and sleep-wake cycle in semi-restricted spider monkeys. Continuous 24-hr polysomnographic (PSG) recordings, involving simultaneous recording of non-invasive electroencephalographic (EEG), electro-oculographic (EOG), and electromyographic (EMG) activities, were carried out in captive monkeys living in outdoor rainforest enclosures. Electrode placement was done according to the human international 10-20 system. Specific behaviors displayed by monkeys during the sleep-wake cycles were correlated with the PSG recordings. The nycthemeral distribution of the sleep-wake cycle was also calculated. The results show that electrophysiological N-REM sleep patterns in spider monkeys are similar to those observed in other primates, including human beings. Furthermore, a vertical semi-fetal posture was observed during N-REM and REM sleep phases. The amount of nocturnal sleep was significantly higher than that of the diurnal period, showing that the spider monkey is a diurnal primate. An outstanding finding was the absence of muscular atonia during the spider monkey's REM sleep, which suggests that arboreal primates have developed a neuromuscular mechanism specialized for sleeping in a vertical posture.

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Ansiedad y depresión en fumadores mexicanos y su relación con el grado de adicción. Salud Publica Mex 2010;52 supl 2:S120-S128. ResumenObjetivo. Determinar la asociación entre el grado de adicción (GA) y patrón de consumo de tabaco (PCT) con la ansiedad y depresión en fumadores que quieren dejar de fumar (FQDF). Material y métodos. En 495 sujetos que acudieron a un programa para dejar de fumar se determinó la ansiedad (inventario IDARE) y depresión (cuestionario BECK), el GA (cuestionario de Fagerström) y PCT (paquetes-año). Resultados. El GA>= a 6 puntos se asoció con niveles de ansiedad altos [RM=1.94, (IC95%1.02-3.72), p<0.04] y con síntomas de depresión graves [RM=2.24, (IC95%1.00-4.99), p<0.04)]. El PCT>= a 21 paquetes año, se asoció con ansiedad rasgo media; , p<.00]; ansiedad rasgo alta; [RM=3.36 (IC95% 1.66-6-80), p<.00]; con depresión moderada; [RM=3.14, (IC95% 1.75-5-62) p<.00] y depresión grave; [RM=9.85, (IC95% 3.30-29.37), p<.00)]. Conclusión. Existe una asociación significativa en fumadores con alto GA y PCT, con la presencia de ansiedad y síntomas de depresión moderada a grave que deben considerarse en FQDF. Palabras claves: tabaquismo; ansiedad; depresión; nicotina; cese del tabaquismo; monóxido de carbono; México

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