Resumo

Highlights We present the first WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury. Globally in 2016, 488 million people were exposed to long working hours (≥55 hours/week). This exposure had 745,194 attributable deaths and 23.3 million DALYs from ischemic heart disease and stroke. These are 4.9% of all deaths and 6.9% of all DALYs from these causes. The Western Pacific, South-East Asia, men, and older people carried higher burdens.

Resumo: Este artigo trata, em um primeiro momento, de fatores subjacentes às diferenças individuais quanto à tolerância ao trabalho em turnos e noturno. Associadas a esses fatores, também são apresentadas caracterís-ticas do trabalho que podem ou não favorecer a tolerância ao trabalho em turnos. Em um segundo momento, apresenta-se medidas de intervenção que visam minimizar as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos trabalhadores quanto à saúde e ao bem-estar orgânico e social. Palavras-chave: trabalho em turnos; organização do trabalho; ergonomia.Abstract: This article first addresses the underlying factors determining the varying tolerance of individuals to swing and night shifts. Also discussed are features of specific jobs that may or may not favor the tolerance to variable and evening shifts. The second part of this article proposed measures to improve workers' health and physical and social well-being. tualmente, existem no Brasil cerca de 64 milhões de pessoas com 10 anos ou mais ocupadas em vários tipos de trabalho, conforme dados obtidos pelo recenseamento realizado no ano 2000. 1 Quase a metade dessa população (cerca de 28 milhões) trabalha mais que as 44 horas semanais, previstas na Constituição de 1988 como a jornada máxima de trabalho semanal. Para que essa jornada semanal seja cumprida, parece bastante razoável supor que, pelo menos no caso de parte desses trabalhadores, o trabalho seja exercido além do horário diurno. Há, portanto, uma parcela da população economicamente ativa que, além de trabalhar mais que o núme-ro de horas semanais previstas em lei, ainda o faz em horário noturno.Adiciona-se a essa parcela de trabalhadores os que, embora não trabalhem mais que 44 horas semanais, o fazem em horários não usuais e obtém-se o número de trabalhadores em turnos e noturnos da população brasileira. Infelizmente, não há dados oficiais sobre o tamanho dessa população em nível nacional. Em 1994, levantamento da Fundação SEADE na área metropolitana de São Paulo caracterizou como trabalhador em turnos ou noturno 8,6% da população (Fischer et al., 1995). Valendo-se desses dados, estima-se haver cerca de 10% da população brasileira ativa que trabalha em turnos ou à noite. Acredita-se que essa porcentagem seja até maior, uma vez que o oferecimento de serviços disponíveis muitas horas por dia, durante os dias de semana e fins de semana, vêm aumentando nos últimos anos. Pode-se citar, como exemplos, todos os serviços de telecomunicações, de processamento bancário, de distribuição de correspondência rápida, os centros de compras (shopping centers, supermercados), hotéis, lazer (cinemas, restaurantes, academias de ginás-tica, clubes sociais e esportivos), serviços educacionais. Em outras palavras, além dos serviços essenciais há uma quantidade cada vez maior de produção de bens e prestação de serviços que funcionam ininterruptamente. Para que esses bens sejam produzidos e os serviços prestados vem ocorrendo aumento da população que trabalha em turnos, em horário noturno ou em horários irregulares.A demógrafa americana Harr...

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Today’s modern society is exposed to artificial electric lighting in addition to the natural light-dark cycle. Studies assessing the impact of electric light exposure on sleep and its relation to work hours are rare due to the ubiquitous presence of electricity. Here we report a unique study conducted in two phases in a homogenous group of rubber tappers living and working in a remote area of the Amazon forest, comparing those living without electric light (n = 243 in first phase; n = 25 in second phase) to those with electric light at home (n = 97 in first phase; n = 17 in second phase). Questionnaire data (Phase 1) revealed that rubber tappers with availability of electric light had significantly shorter sleep on work days (30 min/day less) than those without electric light. Analysis of the data from the Phase 2 sample showed a significant delay in the timing of melatonin onset in workers with electric light compared to those without electric light (p < 0.01). Electric lighting delayed sleep onset and reduced sleep duration during the work week and appears to interfere with alignment of the circadian timing system to the natural light/dark cycle.

OBJECTIVE:To assess factors associated with professional and total hours of work (work + home) among nursing staff. METHODS:Cross-sectional study conducted in a university hospital in the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, between 2004 and2005. A total of 696 workers (nurses, nurse technicians and aids), mostly women (87.8%) working day and/or night shifts, participated in the study. A selfadministered questionnaire was used to collected information on demographic characteristics, and working and life conditions. Translated and adapted into Portuguese versions of the Job Stress Scale, Effort-reward imbalance, ShortForm-Health-related quality of life and the Work Ability Index were also administered. Logistic regression models were used for data analysis. RESULTS:Sole breadwinner, working night shifts and effort-reward imbalance were the variables associated with both professional (OR = 3.38, OR = 10.43, OR = 2.07, respectively) and total hours of work (OR = 1.57, OR = 3.37, OR = 2.75, respectively). There was no signifi cant association between the variables related to hours of work and low Work Ability Index. Inadequate rest at home was statistically associated with professional (OR = 2.47) and total hours of work (OR = 1.48). Inadequate leisure time was signifi cantly associated with professional hours of work (OR = 1.58) and barely associated with total hours of work (OR = 1.43). CONCLUSIONS:The sole breadwinner, working night shifts and effortreward imbalance are variables that need to be further investigated in studies on work hours among nursing staff. These studies should explore workers' income and the relationship between effort and reward, taking into consideration gender issues.

The association between working hours and work ability was examined in a cross sectional study of male (N=156) and female (N=1092) nurses in three public hospitals. Working hours were considered in terms of their professional and domestic hours per week and their combined impact; total work load. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between total work load and inadequate work ability index (WAI) for females only. Females reported a higher proportion of inadequate WAI, fewer professional work hours but longer domestic work hours. There were no significant differences in total work load by gender. The combination of professional and domestic work hours in females seemed to best explain their lower work ability. The findings suggest that investigations into female well-being need to consider their total work load. Our male sample may have lacked sufficient power to detect a relationship between working hours and work ability.

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