The study was conducted during 2019 main cropping season at Erer research station Babile district PA. Globally pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is the fifth most important pulse crop mainly grown in the developing countries by resource-poor farmers in drought prone areas and on degraded soils. It is a multipurpose leguminous crop that can provide food, forage, fuel wood and fodder for the small-scale farmer in subsistence agriculture. Pigeon pea is a deep-rooted and drought tolerant grain legume that adds substantial amount of organic matter to the soil and has the ability to fix up to 235 kg N/ha). Harari regional state, farmers didn't accept drought tolerant sorghum variety, because of small harvests of total biomass. Thus why, pigeon pea sorghum intercropping can solve the problem of low availability of forage and low soil fertility in this low land area. The treatments of the experiments were, Sole sorghum (malkam) variety, Sorghum + Accession 16520, Sorghum + Accession 16527, sorghum +Accession 16528, pigeon pea Accession 16520, Pigeon pea Accession 16527 and Accession 16528 respectively. The design of the experiment was, RCBD with three replication. The result showed significant difference statistically, in terms of plant height, panicle length, and panicle diameter at 5% (table 1). The highest plant height was obtained from the treatment with sorghum intercropped with pigeon pea accession 16527 (tsegas variety). The result that obtained was statistically not significant in terms of grain yield (p < 0.01) among treatments (both sole and intercropped one). In (Table 1) was indicated that intercropping of pigeon pea Accessions had no negative significant effect on grain yields of sorghum. The maximum grain yields were obtained from T3 (sorghumX16527 pigeon pea accession); (2894) kg ha -1 ), followed by T2 (16527 pigeon pea accession) (2856) kg ha -1 respectively. The minimum grain yield obtained from sole sorghum (2339 kg ha -1 ). The most probable reason for this variation could be due to leguminous nature of pigeon pea accessions that add nitrogen nutrients to the soil and affect sorghum positively. When observed graphically, there is mean yield difference. Both land equivalent ratio and relative total yield was calculated and the obtained result is about 1.22. So this intercropped experiment is advantageous. Partial budget analysis was conducted and the experiment is economically viable.
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important crop worldwide. It is important in the daily Ethiopian diet. It is widely produced by small farmers and commercial growers throughout the year for local use and export market. No strong study has been conducted to evaluate the suitability of onion cultivation in Biyo Awale district of Diredawa. Hence, the present experiment was conducted to study the performance of improved varieties of onion for their suitability for cultivation in Biyo Awale district of Diredawa. The study was carried out during 2018-2019 cropping season to test the performance of onion varieties. Five high yielding onion varieties were planted in complete randomized block design experiment with three replications including local check at farmer's field. The quantitative data on bulb yield, plant height, bulb size and number of leaves of onion varieties were collected. Harvesting was done and weighed when all onion varieties reach maturity (90% tops down). The results revealed that the tested onion varieties differ significantly for leaf length, leaf number, neck diameter, bulb diameter, average bulb weight and bulb yield. Among the varieties Bombay red and Melkam produced higher bulb yield (25.56 and 21.13 t ha -1 ) and gave 140.68% and 98.96% yield advantage over local check varieties, respectively. Therefore, Bombay Red and Melkam varieties were recommended to the study area and similar agro-ecology.
The high erosion rates are mainly affecting the developing countries due to intensive cultivation, deforestation; extreme climate hazard, sediment transport and loss of agricultural nutrients were caused by unwise land use practices, intensive cultivation and improper management. Soil conservation is the only known way to protect the productive land. In this study a physically based watershed model, Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source (AnnAGNPS) pollution model was applied to the Dawe River watershed for simulation of the runoff and sediment yield. The objectives were to estimate potential runoff and sediment yield and to recommend and design appropriate soil and water conservation measures on a sub watershed basis in Dawe watershed of east hararghe zone. Sensitivity analysis, model calibration and validation were also performed. Four highly sensitive parameters were identified and of which CN was the most sensitive one. For model calibration, model efficiencies of 0.742, -231.081 and 0.828 were observed for surface runoff, peak runoff rate, and sediment yield, respectively. The corresponding determination of coefficients was 0.825, 0.1669 and 0.848, respectively. Runoff and sediment yield were well predicted but, peak runoff rate was over predicted. Validation results produced model efficiencies NSE of 0.769, -73.801 and 0.718 for surface runoff, peak runoff rate and sediment yield, respectively. With coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 0.9215, 0.235 and 0.764 for runoff, peak runoff rate and sediment yield, respectively. Surface runoff and sediment yield simulation were well in the validation stage and peak runoff rate shows the same trend as calibration. Dawe watershed was divided in thirteen sub-watersheds. Runoff and sediment yield for each sub-watershed were quantified. Average annual watershed runoff, average annual soil loss and total annual sediment outflow from Dawe watershed was 194.48mm, 22.467 tons/ha/yr and 354215 tons/yr, respectively. In Dawe watershed, gully, rill and inter-rill erosions were identified as major problems. Thus, check dam and bench terrace designed and vegetative waterway are recommended for intensively cultivated crop land of Dawe watershed.
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