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Defines the milieu in which marketing actions are shaped and implemented, selectively surveys the knowledge base that underlies such actions, and suggests unique research opportunities to enhance both knowledge and action. Macroeconomic conditions materially influence managerial decisions regarding entry, maintenance and expansion strategies at regional, national and international levels. Such conditions include interest rates, trade deficits, savings and unemployment rates, foreign debt ratios, consumer and industrial spending ratios, and public sector expenditure ratios for economic, social and military endeavours. Successful competitive strategies during the 1990s will necessarily emphasize the development of approaches to “pro‐position” and/or “reposition” marketing strategies with regard to shifting macroeconomic conditions. Current theory and strategies are inadequate to the tasks of confronting these shifts or identifying their presence in a timely fashion. Rapid transformations of many national macroeconomic systems have compounded these challenges, placing insatiable demands upon an enterprise′s information resources necessary to support “appropriate” marketing actions. Outside the enterprise, strategic alliances with multinational customers or even competitors may be the most creative approach to managing changing macro‐economic environments.

Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emeraldsrm:463575 [] For AuthorsIf you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation.

The agricultural sector is a critical component of the world's economy and society. Its long‐term health depends heavily upon international transfers driven by comparative advantages. This article's basic theorem is that effective export programmes must be simultaneously founded on grass‐roots political support, economic comparative advantage, and domestic vertical development. The mechanics for establishing broad‐based political support are addressed first, followed by criteria for targeting to international markets with the most favourable demand and government incentives. Finally, the evolutionary aspects of comparative advantage are discussed in the context of long‐term economic and political support from producers, processors and related technology suppliers involved in targeted export strategies.