Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Georges Bank region have been commercially exploited since the 17th century and continue as the mainstay of the New England commercial and recreational groundfish fisheries today. Throughout most of its history, the Georges Bank cod fishery was unregulated and growth in the fishery did not appear to exceed resource potential. An historical review of assessment activities and management programs reveals that the Georges Bank cod stock seemed resilient to heavy fishing pressure until the early-and mid-1980s when landings, fishing effort and fishing mortality approached or attained record-high levels. Management plans enacted independently by the USA and Canada under extended fisheries jurisdiction have not been very successful in preventing overfishing of Georges Bank cod. Different management objectives and a lack of compatible management strategies and approaches between the two countries have exacerbated the situation. Both the USA and Canada now recognize that cooperative and coordinated management actions are needed to avert overfishing and rebuild transboundary fishery resources, including Georges Bank cod.

The Georges Bank ecosystem has undergone dramatic changes in biomass and species dominance under exploitation. Sharp declines in the biomass of both pelagic and demersal fish populations have occurred associated with rapid increases in fishing effort by distant water fleets. We corrected nominal effort series for changes in vessel size, gear type and country of origin in an attempt to provide a measure of the intensity of the perturbation resulting from large scale changes in exploitation patterns on Georges Bank. A fourfold increase was noted in standardized effort over the period 1960-72. Declines in catch-perstandard day fished, and relative biomass indices derived from research vessel surveys indicated marked decreases in all components of the system during the period 1960-76. Decreases in fishing effort were effected with the implementation of extended jurisdiction to 200 miles in 1977; however, several major stocks had collapsed by that time. Fundamental changes were noted in the production levels on Georges Bank during the period 1960-76. Declines in overall production can be attributed largely to the collapse of the herring population by 1976-77 under heavy exploitation. Recent increases in biomass of elasmobranchs and principal pelagic species (herring and mackerel) have resulted in further shifts in system structure. The biomass of piscivores is currently high and this shift may act synergistically with increasing exploitation rates to cause further declines in biomass of commercially desirable species. History of exploitation and regulation of Georges Bank fisheries Offshore groundfish fisheries developed on Georges Bank between 1720 and 1750, primarily for http://journal.nafo.int

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