In this paper we analyze the impact of education inequality on the income of formal workers in Northeast Brazil. For this study, we analyzed the data collected from censuses data and estimate a dynamic panel data model. Statistical analyses were performed by using the quasi-maximum likelihood linear dynamic panel data estimation, an approach that produce consistent estimates with large n and small T. We found a negative and statistically significant impact of education inequality on economic growth, which is convergent with the literature that advocates that an unequal distribution of education reduces growth. Our results suggest that economic policies should be targeted not only more at education but also more equal access to education.
The aim of this paper is to provide demand elasticities for the three main fuels used in Brazil: gasoline, ethanol and diesel. We used a panel data approach at municipal level for the period between 2007 and 2016. The innovation in this study is in its introduction of a new instrumental variable for prices, combining three taxes and municipal distance from state capital. The main results are as follows: (i) the gasoline, ethanol and diesel demands are price elastic, meaning that all own-price elasticities are greater than one; (ii) ethanol consumption is more elastic when the CNG price is added as an explanatory variable, but this does not apply to gasoline; (iii) an increase in GDP positively affects the demand for gasoline and diesel (less than proportionally), but does not affect demand for ethanol; (iv) fleet size impacts the consumption of all fuels, except when the CNG price is excluded from the ethanol model; (v) the ethanol-to-gasoline price ratio is a relevant variable for the demand of both gasoline and ethanol.
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