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A Kraft hardwood lignin (HWL) and an organic-purified hardwood lignin (HWL-OP) were evaluated as potential precursors for the production of lowcost carbon fibers. It was found that the unpurified HWL exhibited poor spinnability while the HWL-OP exhibited excellent spinnability characteristics. Fibers of various diameters were obtained from the HWL-OP. Thermostabilization studies showed that oxidative stabilization can only be used to convert HWL-OP-based fibers into carbon fibers if extremely low heating rates are applied. Carbonized lignin-based fibers had tensile strength of 0.51 GPa and tensile modulus of 28.6 GPa.

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We demonstrate that uniform, ordered, single-domain magnetic nanoscale dots can be fabricated on concentrated colloid surfaces. The substrate consists of compact silica nanosphere arrays grown on a glass wafer. Through the subsequent deposition and oxidation treatment of a Co film, monodisperse magnetic Co nanoscale dot arrays with controlled magnetic properties and size were obtained. We suggest that magnetic dots deposited on colloidal surfaces might open a way of developing artificially nanostructured materials for fundamental studies in nanomagnetism and for applications such as patterned magnetic recording media.