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Abstract-With the explosion of wireless communications in number of users and data rates, the reduction of network power consumption becomes more and more critical. This is especially true for base stations which represent a dominant share of the total power in cellular networks. In order to study power reduction techniques, a convenient power model is required, providing estimates of the power consumption in different scenarios. This paper proposes such a model, accurate but simple to use. It evaluates the base station power consumption for different types of cells supporting the 3GPP LTE standard. It is flexible enough to enable comparisons between state-of-the-art and advanced configurations, and an easy adaptation to various scenarios. The model is based on a combination of base station components and sub-components as well as power scaling rules as functions of the main system parameters.

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Network planning and optimization becomes more and more important in cellular mobile communications due to the growing complexity of the networks. Besides taking new key performance indicators into account such as energy efficiency, the augmented heterogeneity, caused by a variety of radio access technologies (e.g., 3G and beyond as well as WiFi) and network node types (e.g., micro and femto cells), leads to an exploding dimension of the planning process. On the other hand, the degrees of freedom increase as well, giving rise for new optimization techniques.In this paper a novel approach for optimizing cellular deployments is presented. The model is based on characterizing the interrelations (among base stations and between base stations and the environment) by force fields, motivated by the physics of multiple particles in a closed system. Further, an algorithm is proposed which tracks the trajectory of base station locations under the presence of forces, focusing on finding a balanced state with minimal net force. Also, it is elaborated on how to combine different force types in order to capture different quality aspects of a network.

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We study the effect of deployment of low cost, low power micro base stations along with macro base stations on energy consumption and capacity of downlink LTE. [1] studied this problem, using spectral area efficiency as the performance metric. We show that the analysis proposed in [1] is inaccurate as the traffic layer specifications of LTE networks is not included in the analysis. We also investigate the effect of user association and frequency band allocation schemes on energy consumption and capacity of LTE networks.Specifically, we add the following three important elements to the analysis proposed in [1]: a traffic layer analysis that take both the physical and traffic layer specifications of LTE downlink into account; a threshold-based policy to optimally associate users to base stations; and an allocation scheme to better allocate the frequency band to macro and micro base stations. We investigate all combinations of these elements through numerical evaluation and observe that 1. there are important differences between traffic layer and physical layer analysis, 2. threshold-based user association policy improve the traffic capacity of the network by up to 33% without affecting the energy profile of the network, and 3. considerable energy saving and capacity gain can be achieved thought a careful allocation of the frequency band to macro and micro base stations.Finally, we determine the optimal network configuration and show that up to 46% saving in energy can be achieved * This research has received funding from the EU 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n. 257740 (Network of Excellence "TREND").