1.1 Conceptual framework of the FEW nexus 2.1 Per capita production in Malawi, Mozambique, and SSA regions 2.2 Daily protein supply in Malawi, Mozambique, and Southern Africa 2.3 Energy supply in Malawi, Mozambique, and Southern Africa 2.4 Types of cooking stoves: clay, rocket, and three-stone traditional 2.5 Comparison of fuelwood consumption and cooking time for cooking stoves 2.6 Distribution of cookstove programs in Africa south of the Sahara, 1984-2010 3.1 Circular flow of income in an economy 3.2 Ex ante analysis scoring 3.3 No market constraints 3.4 Full parameterization (includes all constraints) 3.5 No market constraints, no groundwater, and surface runoff included 3.6 No market constraints, no runoff, and groundwater available to 7 m below ground only 3.7 Sensitivity analysis as a function of linear shifts in the scoring function of each variable for the fully parameterized motor-pump model for all of SSA 4.1 Adoption of soil fertility management and irrigation in Mozambique v ABSTRACT This study summarizes the concept of the food-energy-water security nexus (FEW nexus). The aim is to create awareness about the importance of the nexus and to enable stakeholders to consider interconnections between the sectors in their work. The FEW nexus is discussed in the context of Africa south of the Sahara (SSA)-using Malawi and Mozambique as case studies. Even though analyzing food, energy, and water security issues simultaneously is critical given the interconnections, summarizing interventions with the FEW nexus approach in Malawi and Mozambique, we found that there are only a limited number of interventions in place. Additionally, this study reviews macro-and microeconomic models that are able to analyze the FEW nexus. On the macrolevel, especially general equilibrium models are discussed, because they show trade-offs and synergies of nexus interventions at all economic levels. These models can help guide policymakers' understanding of nexus effects ex ante and convince them to think beyond their respective political departments. On the microlevel, the impact of nexus interventions can be assessed with qualitative and quantitative approaches. There are specific challenges for nexus interventions when it comes to aggregation and planning of the targeting. A secondary data analysis of nexus interventions shows that existing data is not sufficient to conduct research specifically related to the FEW nexus. The results of this study will help research programs to reflect the key questions required to enhance adoption of FEW technologies and inform policymakers as they formulate policies that will exploit the strong synergies of food security, energy, and water investments.
When modeling medium and long-term challenges we need a reference path of economic development (the so-called baseline). Because sectoral models often offer a more fundamental understanding of future developments for specific sectors, many CGE modeling teams have adopted approaches for linking their models to sectoral models to generate baselines. Linked models include agricultural sector, energy sector, biophysical and macroeconomic models. We systematically compare and discuss approaches of linking CGE models to sectoral models for the baseline calibration procedure and discuss challenges and best practices. We identify different types of linking approaches which we divide into a) one-way, and b) twoway linking. These two types of linking approaches are then analyzed with respect to the degree of consistency of the linkage, information exchanged, as well as compromises in aggregations and definitions. Based on our assessment, we discuss challenges and conclude with suggestions for best practices and research recommendations.
Irrigation expansion is critical to increase crop yields and mitigate effects from climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa, but the low profitability has led to little irrigation investments in the region so far. Using an integrated modeling framework, we simultaneously evaluate the returns to irrigation arising from both economic and biophysical impact channels to understand what determines the profitability of irrigation in Malawi. Our results confirm that the returns to irrigation cannot cover the costs in Malawi. While labor-intensive irrigation expansion leads to unfavorable structural change in the short-run, the profitability hinges on low irrigated yields that fall far from expectations due to insufficient input use and crop management techniques. On the other hand, we find that the nonmonetary benefits of irrigation regarding higher food security, lower poverty, and reduced vulnerability to climate change make investments in irrigation worthwhile to improve the livelihoods of smallholders.JEL classifications: C68, Q15, Q54
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), established in 1975, provides evidence-based policy solutions to sustainably end hunger and malnutrition and reduce poverty. The Institute conducts research, communicates results, optimizes partnerships, and builds capacity to ensure sustainable food production, promote healthy food systems, improve markets and trade, transform agriculture, build resilience, and strengthen institutions and governance. Gender is considered in all of the Institute's work. IFPRI collaborates with partners around the world, including development implementers, public institutions, the private sector, and farmers' organizations, to ensure that local, national, regional, and global food policies are based on evidence. IFPRI is a member of the CGIAR Consortium.
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