This article introduces into the field of instructional design (ID) that is closely related to instructional technology, defined in terms of the application of scientific knowledge to the systematic design of learning systems. First, the relationship between instructional technology, design, and systems development will be described. Then we provide a brief historical overview to characterize relevant aspects of ID. Historically seen, the nine events of instruction as introduced by Gagné in the 1960s resulted in an abundance of models of systematic ID that were integrated in a comprehensive framework centering on five tasks: analysis, design, development, implantation, and evaluation (shortly called the ADDIE model). Along with the approaches of systematic ID some alternative approaches of learning and instruction emerged that were based on cognitive psychology and constructivism. These approaches will be discussed briefly before we describe, in some detail, present theories and applications of ID. Finally, we will discuss some challenges for future theory, research, and development within the realm of ID.
Instructional Design and Its Relation to Instructional TechnologyThe term instructional design (ID) refers to the systematic and professional planning and implementation of education or training. Considerations regarding planned instruction have been made at least as long as there have been institutions for instruction and training. The term ID itself appeared for the first time in the United States in the mid-twentieth century.From its very beginning, ID was closely related to instructional technology, which is generally defined as the systematic application of theoretically and practically established knowledge to the development of learning systems, for which the name 'instructional systems development' (ISD) is also used. Often the relationships between ID, ISD, and instructional technology are expressed by the formula 'Instructional Technology ¼ ID þ ISD.' In a general sense, ID is defined as the entire process of instructional planning and implementation. However, the term ID is also used to denote a scientific discipline that refers to theory building and research on instruction and its implementation in various educational settings.More specifically, the term ID is used in a variety of ways with different meanings:1. The narrowest variant concerns only the planning of a particular instructional treatment. 2. The somewhat wider usage concerns both the planning and construction of that which is needed for instruction in various educational settings. 3. The even wider interpretation adds the implementation of the instructional system or program in a specific context as well as the evaluation of outcomes. The term ID is most often used according to this understanding and sometimes refers to instructional technology with the same broad meaning. 4. The widest interpretation adds to the previous meaning by including maintenance and management of the instructional system or program over an extended period of ti...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.