In this review, we present a description of conventional technologies and new advances for the estimation and sense of moisture content in grains. The operating principles, accuracies and response times are described. The review considers an exhaustive search of scientific developments and patent registrations. It was concluded that most of the new developments correspond to methods of which the measurement principles are based on the analysis of the electrical characteristics of the grains. In addition, new methods of image analysis have been implemented that provide measurements with reduced response times and with precisions of utility for its application in the agro-industrial field. In addition to this, wireless communication technologies have been implemented that allow the implementation of moisture measurement methods in moving grains within processing chains.
Some strategies for solving differential equations based on the finite difference method are presented: forward time centered space (FTSC), backward time centered space (BTSC), and the Crank-Nicolson scheme (CN). These are developed and applied to a simple problem involving the one-dimensional (1D) (one spatial and one temporal dimension) heat equation in a thin bar. The numerical implementation in this work can be used as a preamble to introduce a method of solving the heat equation that can be implemented in problems in the area of finances. The results of implementing the software on very fine meshes (unidimensional), and with relatively small-time steps, are shown. Through mesh refinement, it was possible to obtain a better temperature distribution in the thin bar between a range of points. The heat equation was solved numerically by testing both implicit (CN) and explicit (FTSC and BTSC) methods. The examples show that the implemented schemes conform to theoretical predictions and that truncation errors depend on mesh, spacing, and time step.
The objective of this scoping review is to characterize the current panorama of inertia sensors for the rehabilitation of hip arthroplasty. In this context, the most widely used sensors are IMUs, which combine accelerometers and gyroscopes to measure acceleration and angular velocity in three axes. We found that data collected by the IMU sensors are used to analyze and detect any deviation from the normal to measure the position and movement of the hip joint. The main functions of inertial sensors are to measure various aspects of training, such as speed, acceleration, and body orientation. The reviewers extracted the most relevant articles published between 2010 and 2023 in the ACM Digital Library, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. In this scoping review, the PRISMA-ScR checklist was used, and a Cohen’s kappa coefficient of 0.4866 was applied, implying moderate agreement between reviewers; 23 primary studies were extracted from a total of 681. In the future, it will be an excellent challenge for experts in inertial sensors with medical applications to provide access codes for other researchers, which will be one of the most critical trends in the advancement of applications of portable inertial sensors for biomechanics.
The following research contributes to the understanding of how electric charge influences the unwrapping of spherically symmetric distributions using a relativistic approach. With the recent detection of gravitational waves and the location of black holes, where a strong emission of electromagnetic radiation prevails, interest has arisen to consider the existence of compact charged objects. Thus, the appearance of charge in small quantities during gravitational collapse, the process by which black holes originate, is not ruled out; this also includes the emission of electromagnetic waves from them. This article intends to establish algorithms and write field equations for a charged fluid as those corresponding to an anisotropic fluid with radiation flux. Using an appropriate definition of the mass function, considering self-similar symmetry and Bondian observers, dynamical results are obtained for the Einstein–Maxwell electromagnetic system with added gravity. Imposing an additional homothetic symmetry, the field equations are solved, and the most relevant conclusions are drawn about the influence of the electric charge during the collapse and subsequent changes in the physical variables.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.