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Alkyl derivatives of diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN), are prepared by direct methylation and by reduction of Schiff bases. Cyclic anhydrides and DAMN produce amide acids. 2,3-Dicyanodiazepines and 2,3-dicyanodihydrodiazepines are prepared by condensation of DAMN with 1,3-diketones or other carbonyl derivatives. 2-Substituted 4,5-dicyanoimidazoles are prepared by improved cyclization procedures of Schiff bases and amides of DAMN. Tetrasubstituted pyrazines are prepared by condensation of DAMN with diimines prepared from alcohols and cyanogen.

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SUMMARY: Polymer nanoparticles were prepared from monomers such as styrene (St), butyl methacrylate (BMA), butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacqlate (MMA), and methyl acrylate (MA) using ii modified microemulsion polymerization process. With this process high polymer: surfactant weight ratios (7 : 1 or greater), relatively concentrated (10-30 wt.-%) latexes and small (10-20 nm) particle diameters were attained. Nucleation mechanisms were investigated through observations of the particle size change during the polymerization.

J3enzyl-type tertiary amines were treated with n-butyllithium in ether, and the resulting metalated intermediates were treated with deuterium oxide to show the site of metalation. Benzyldimethylamine and dibenzylmethylamine afforded ortho-deuterated products, whereas 2-methyl-and 2,3-dimethylbenzyldimethylamines gave orthomethyl (side-chain) deuterated products. N,N-Dimethy1-3-phenylpropylamine was presumably metalated at the position alpha to the benzene ring. In all cases, the site of metalation was such that the amino nitrogen could coordinate with the lithium of the metalated intermediate through a fiveor six-membered ring. The formation of such a ring is thought t o be an important factor.

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Production 2.1. Raw Materials 2.2. Polymerization Theory 2.3. Formulation and Process Types; Laboratory Processing 2.4. Manufacture 3. Film Formation by Coatings Based on Alkyd Resins 4. Modified Alkyds 5. Low‐Solvent Coatings 6. Markets and End Uses

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