In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments have implemented a wide range of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Monitoring and documenting government strategies during the COVID-19 crisis is crucial to understand the progression of the epidemic. Following a content analysis strategy of existing public information sources, we developed a specific hierarchical coding scheme for NPIs. We generated a comprehensive structured dataset of government interventions and their respective timelines of implementation. To improve transparency and motivate collaborative validation process, information sources are shared via an open library. We also provide codes that enable users to visualise the dataset. Standardization and structure of the dataset facilitate inter-country comparison and the assessment of the impacts of different NPI categories on the epidemic parameters, population health indicators, the economy, and human rights, among others. This dataset provides an in-depth insight of the government strategies and can be a valuable tool for developing relevant preparedness plans for pandemic. We intend to further develop and update this dataset until the end of December 2020.

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The inland fish fauna of El Salvador and its distribution was originally described in 1925 by Samuel Hildebrand. That work has been the main source of information for freshwater fishes of El Salvador up to today. Based on the combination of an intensive literature review, electronic database searches, re-identification of museum specimens, and fieldwork, we hereby provide an updated checklist of the inland fishes of El Salvador. This checklist provides distributional data at the Salvadoran hydrographical and political (by department) levels. The checklist is systematically arranged at the ordinal and familial level and then alphabetically therein. The freshwater fish fauna of El Salvador includes 101 species divided into 64 genera, 29 families, and 14 orders. According to their supposed tolerance to salinity, 73% of these species are peripheral, 23% secondary, and only 4% are primary freshwater fishes. One species is endemic to the country, Amatitlania coatepeque. The low number of primary freshwater fishes and endemics is comparable to the Central American Pacific slope in particular, as well as northern Central America in general.

One-third of all Neotropical forests are secondary forests that regrow naturally after agricultural use through secondary succession. We need to understand better how and why succession varies across environmental gradients and broad geographic scales. Here, we analyze functional recovery using community data on seven plant characteristics (traits) of 1,016 forest plots from 30 chronosequence sites across the Neotropics. By analyzing communities in terms of their traits, we enhance understanding of the mechanisms of succession, assess ecosystem recovery, and use these insights to propose successful forest restoration strategies. Wet and dry forests diverged markedly for several traits that increase growth rate in wet forests but come at the expense of reduced drought tolerance, delay, or avoidance, which is important in seasonally dry forests. Dry and wet forests showed different successional pathways for several traits. In dry forests, species turnover is driven by drought tolerance traits that are important early in succession and in wet forests by shade tolerance traits that are important later in succession. In both forests, deciduous and compound-leaved trees decreased with forest age, probably because microclimatic conditions became less hot and dry. Our results suggest that climatic water availability drives functional recovery by influencing the start and trajectory of succession, resulting in a convergence of community trait values with forest age when vegetation cover builds up. Within plots, the range in functional trait values increased with age. Based on the observed successional trait changes, we indicate the consequences for carbon and nutrient cycling and propose an ecologically sound strategy to improve forest restoration success.

The highfin goby Gobionelus oceanicus is herein reported for the first time in freshwaters of Costa Rica. One specimen was collected in the lower Pacuare River basin, Atlantic slope, Costa Rica. This new record brings the total number of Costa Rican native freshwater fish species to 253.

The ichthyofauna of the Río Acahuapa was analyzed sampling 17 sites that included the basin main channel and its tributaries. Fish were collected using dip-nets, seine-nets and electrofishing. Fish standard length and species abundance were recorded. Species origin and salinity tolerance criteria were used to classify fish species. Water physicochemical variables, habitat structure and sampling sites elevation were recorded. A total of 33 fish species were registered, 12.1% are primary, 45.5% are secondary and 42.4% are of marine derivation. Fish species richness declined with increase of elevation (R 2 =0.55, p=0.0006). Two assemblages of fishes were identified: the first one associated to sites of low elevations (19-184 masl), composed mainly of secondary and marine-estuarine fish species related with high temperature, water velocity, river width, dissolved oxygen and low sand and silt substrate cover; the second one associated to sites of middle and higher elevations (185-519 masl), composed by primary and secondary freshwater fishes related with high pH, logs and rocks substrate cover. In summary, elevation and environmental variables contributed to the composition and distribution of fish in the Río Acahuapa.Keywords: Community structure, Fish ecology, Freshwater fish, Habitat structure, Tropical streams.La ictiofauna del Río Acahuapa fue analizada en 17 sitios que incluyen el canal principal de la cuenca y sus tributarios. Los peces fueron recolectados utilizando chinchorros, redes de mano y electropesca. Se registró la longitud estándar y la abundancia por especie. El criterio de origen y tolerancia a la salinidad de las especies fue utilizado para clasificar a los peces. Las variables fisicoquímicas del agua, estructura del hábitat y elevación se registraron en cada sitio. Un total de 33 especies fueron registradas, cuyo 12.1% son primarias, 45.5% secundarias y 42.4% son de derivación marina. La riqueza de especies de peces disminuyó con el aumento de la elevación (R 2 =0.55, p=0.0006). Dos ensamblajes de peces fueron identificados: el primero está asociado con sitios de bajas elevaciones (19-184 msnm), compuesto principalmente de especies de peces secundarias y marino-estuarinas relacionadas con altas temperaturas, velocidad del agua, ancho de río, oxígeno disuelto y baja cobertura de sustrato de arena y limo; el segundo está asociado con sitios de mediana y alta elevación (185-519 msnm), compuesto por peces dulceacuícolas primarios y secundarios relacionados con altos valores de pH y cobertura de sustrato de troncos y rocas. Se determina que la elevación y las variables ambientales contribuyen a la composición y distribución de peces en el Río Acahuapa. Palabras-clave:Arroyos tropicales, Ecología de peces, Estructura comunitária, Estructura del hábitat, Peces de agua dulce.

The presence of Puma, Puma concolor, has been controversial in El Salvador due to the lack of published, verifiable data. We surveyed 119 sites in Montecristo National Park and 17 sites in the Río Sapo basin using wildlife cameras. We detected Pumas in both areas, representing the first photographic records for El Salvador. We call for a national Puma conservation strategy with research in basic ecology and migration corridors, regulation of hunting, management of livestock losses, and public acceptance programs. The Río Sapo basin should be granted formal protection.

Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 89 (2018): 854 -864 Ecology Your place, my place…, distribution of Agonostomus monticola and Sicydium multipunctatum in the Acahuapa Watershed Tu lugar, mi lugar…, distribución de Agonostomus monticola y Sicydium multipunctatum en la cuenca del AcahuapaAbstract Diadromous fish undergo habitat shifts over their life cycles, dwelling between different environments. In the Acahuapa River watershed, the distribution, abundance, and length structure of A. monticola and S. multipunctatum were assessed in its tributary rivers and main channel for 1 year. Fishes were captured using electrofishing devices and nets. Environmental variables, habitat traits, and land use around the sampling points were taken into consideration. A total of 222 A. monticola and 183 S. multipunctatum were recorded during the sampled year. Their distribution was restricted to 8 of the 17 sampling points. Both species co-occurred at 7 of 8 sites, all at elevations between 19 and 325 m asl. Both species were more abundant in lower parts of the watershed and in the tributary rivers than in the main channel. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, river width and depth, current speed, substrata dominated by rocks and logs, and surroundings of forest and small-scale agriculture favor the presence of these fishes. The smaller individuals of A. monticola occurred at lower elevations of the watershed but fish length differences were not present at the main channel or at the tributaries. For S. multipunctatum, the larger fish were captured also at low elevations and at the main channel of the Acahuapa River watershed. ResumenLos peces diádromos cambian de hábitat durante su ciclo de vida ocupando ambientes diferentes. En la cuenca del río Acahuapa, la distribución, abundancia y estructura de tallas de A. monticola y S. multipunctatum fueron evaluadas en sus ríos tributarios y en el canal principal durante 1 año. Los peces fueron capturados utilizando dispositivos de electropesca y trasmallos. Las variables ambientales, características del hábitat y el uso de suelo en los puntos de muestreo fueron cuantificados. Un total de 222 ejemplares de A. monticola y 183 de S. multipunctatum fueron registrados durante el año de muestreo. Su distribución estuvo restringida a 8 de los 17 sitios de muestreo coincidiendo en 7 de ellos, en alturas entre 19 y 325 m snm. Ambas especies fueron más abundantes en las partes bajas de la cuenca y en los ríos tributarios. La temperatura del agua, oxígeno disuelto, ancho y profundidad del río, velocidad de la corriente y sustrato dominado por rocas, troncos y rodeado por bosque o agricultura a pequeña escala favorecen la presencia de estos peces. Los peces de menor tamaño de A. monticola se encontraron en la parte baja de la cuenca sin importar si este es un río tributario o el canal principal. Peces de S. multipunctatum de mayor tamaño se capturaron S. González-Murcia, F.S. Álvarez / Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 89 (2018): 854 -864 855 https://doi.