Large areas of arid and semi-arid grasslands in Mexico are severely damaged. Large areas of high-risk rainfed crops have been abandoned. These problems are the result of constant overgrazing, extraction of firewood, overutilization of valuable species, fire and the practice of subsistence agriculture. The aim of this study was to measure the initial performance of the seedlings, as well as forage production and survival in the second year of nine Bouteloua curtipendula populations native to Mexico in comparison with El Reno, a commercial variety from the US. Plant development was visually estimated and dry matter (DM) production was estimated one year after the establishment. Survival was assessed at the end of the growing season in the following year. The experiment was carried out using a complet randomized blocks experimental design, and differences in vigor between genotypes were analyzed by a permutation test. Significant differences in DM production and plant establishment (P ≤ 0.05) were observed between genotypes. The US commercial variety was the least productive population, exhibiting less vigor during the first year than the rest of the genotypes evaluated. Large diversity in seedling establishment capacity, DM yield and survival was observed in the second year. The Mexican populations 241, NdeM-303, 47 and NdeM-5 were superior for plant establishment and DM production.
The forest ecosystems of Mexico experience soil degradation mainly due to water erosion, which causes low vegetation regeneration. One of the strategies to diminish soil loss is through the construction of stone bunds (SB)—hand-made structures to trap sediment and store water for longer periods. However, little is known about their effects on pine establishment. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of SB on the survival and growth of individual P. engelmannii Carr. specimens with respect to the distance of their planted. The study additionally sought to analyse how SB would affect changes in the production of aerial phytomass, herbaceous vegetation cover and soil characteristics in a reforested area of Durango State in north-central Mexico. Three treatments were evaluated by planting pine trees at three distances with respect to the SB: 80 cm upslope bund (UB), 80 cm downslope bund (DB) and between upper and lower bunds (BB). The variables analysed were the following: The survival and growth of reforestation, aerial coverage and the production of herbaceous plants, and the physicochemical characteristics of the soil. Survival showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among treatments, UB (80%), DB (27%) and BB (30%). The production of aerial phytomass did not show significant differences between treatments UB (1651 kg ha−1) and DB (1058 kg ha−1), although these two were different (p < 0.05) to BB (600 kg ha−1). On the other hand, the vegetation cover and soil characteristics did not show statistical differences. These results highlight the importance of the effect of SB on the survival of P. engelmannii Carr. and the growth of herbaceous vegetation.
Objetivo. Evaluar la composición química, contenido de compuestos fenólicos, cinética de producción de gas y emisiones de metano in vitro de siete especies vegetales con potencial alimenticio para alimentación de rumiantes. Materiales y métodos. Siete especies fueron evaluadas: encino gris (EG), encino rojo (ER), chicalote (CHIC), mezquite (MEZ), huizache (HUI), morera (MOR) y la estevia (STE). Los análisis de las muestras fueron: extracto etéreo (EE), cenizas (Cen), proteína cruda (PC), carbohidratos no estructurales (CNE), fibra en detergente neutro (FDN), fibra en detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulosa, celulosa, lignina detergente ácida (LDA), taninos condensados (TC) y fenoles totales (FT), digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS); así como las condiciones ruminales in vitro, producción de gas (PG), producción de metano y dióxido de carbono, nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3) y ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV´s). Resultados. Los resultados muestran que HUI, MEZ y MOR presentaron un mayor contenido de PC, las mayores digestibilidades (DIVMS) se observaron en CHIC, HUI y STE. De lo contrario, las producciones de metano más bajas fueron generadas por MEZ, ER Y HUI. Conclusiones. De acuerdo con los resultados en la composición química, CHIC, MOR y STE presentaron la mejor calidad nutricional ya que mostraron los más altos contenidos de proteína y una digestibilidad adecuada. Estos resultados sugieren que el uso de CHIC no afectaría las características nutricionales que ofrece un forraje de buena calidad. Además, las otras especies pueden usarse como aditivos o suplementos para alimentar a los rumiantes debido a su mayor contenido de proteína y taninos condensados.
El nopal duraznillo (Opuntia leucotricha) es utilizado para complementar la alimentación del ganado bovino en pastoreo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el valor nutricional del nopal duraznillo fermentado aeróbicamente. Se evaluó el efecto de aditivo (A), chamuscado (CH) y tiempo de fermentación (TF) sobre la densidad celular microbiana total (DCMT) y la calidad nutritiva del nopal fermentado en estado sólido. La mayor DCMT (660.0 millones de células ml-1) se observó en el tratamiento 16 (con A, sin CH y con 24 h de TF). La proteína cruda descendió a partir de las 24 h de TF. Con base en la composición química (PC = 22.7%, FDA = 18.3%, LDA = 3.3%), se considera que el nopal sometido al tratamiento 16 presenta buena calidad nutricional para el ganado. Con respecto a la digestibilidad in vitro, el mayor valor observado (93.8%) se obtuvo con el tratamiento 13 (con A, sin CH y con 0 h de TF).
The objective of this study was to characterize the morphological and physiological attributes of eight genotypes of sideoats grama. Seven native Mexican genotypes of Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (Poaceae) were collected in various parts of México and compared with a commercial variety (El Reno), which was used as a control. Plants were collected at six different stages: 50, 65, 80, 95, 110, and 125 days after sowing (das). We evaluated their morphological composition, aerial part:root ratio, growth rate (GR), specific leaf area (SLA), and net assimilation rate (NAR). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design with five replications; means were compared with the Tukey test (P<0.05). Regarding morphological composition, significant differences were observed in all genotypes for all stages (P<0.01). Genotypes 62 and 181 collected at 125 das showed a higher stem proportion when compared to the other morphological components. Genotypes 303, 125, and 5 showed the lowest proportions in root (P<0.05). The aerial part:root ratio was higher in genotype 303 (P<0.05). The root growth rate values obtained were similar among the proposed genotypes (P>0.05); however, all proposed genotypes presented higher values than El Reno (P<0.05). Likewise, the aerial part growth ratio values obtained showed that proposed genotypes presented higher values than El Reno (P<0.05). The results presented in this study show that genotypes 303, 125, and 5 had superior forage characteristics when compared to the commercial variety El Reno. These make such genotypes suitable species to be used in livestock activity.
Uno de los principales objetivos de los productores pecuarios es mantener la calidad del forraje a niveles adecuados que permitan obtener una buena ganancia en producción de leche. Una estrategia de suplementación pueden ser los ensilados con fuentes de grasa y carbohidratos solubles que mejoren la calidad del forraje. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la calidad de fermentación y nutritiva del ensilado de avena con maíz molido y grano de girasol (SG), mediante tres combinaciones de forraje de avena y maíz molido (100-0, 95-5, 90-10) y tres niveles de grano de girasol (0, 5 y 10 %). Se determinó el pH, N-NH3, ácido láctico, así como materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), grasa cruda (GC), carbohidratos no estructurales (CNE), digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), fibra detergente neutra (FDN), fibra detergente ácida (FDA) y lignina en los tratamientos por triplicado, empleando 27 microsilos. No se observó interacción significativa combinación × nivel de grano (P > 0.05). El contenido de MS fue mayor en T2 y la concentración de PC fue menor en T6 (95-5-10) (P ≤ 0.05). La interacción combinación × nivel de SG fue significativa para el contenido de GC, FDA, lignina y DIVMS (P ≤ 0.05); sin embargo, la interacción no fue significativa para pH y la concentración de FDN, N-NH3 y ácido láctico (P > 0.05). La inclusión de grano de girasol cuando se combina con forraje de avena y maíz molido aumenta el valor nutritivo del ensilaje de avena pero no mejora la calidad fermentativa del forraje.
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