The purpose of this paper was to study the prevalence of nonstrabismic accommodative and binocular dysfunctions in a clinical population. We examined 265 symptomatic patients who were chosen from an optometric clinic. We performed several tests to diagnose any form of refractive, accommodative or binocular dysfunction. Of the 265 subjects examined, 59 patients (22.3%) had some form of accommodative or binocular dysfunction and required not just the correction of the refractive error but a specific treatment for each of the problems diagnosed. The remaining subjects were classed as having refractive anomalies. The frequency of binocular dysfunctions was 12.9%, and 9.4% for accommodative anomalies. Convergence excess (4.5%) was more prevalent than convergence insufficiency (0.8%) and accommodative excess (6.4%) more prevalent than accommodative insufficiency (3%).

Aberrations change with accommodation and with age. SA changes more with accommodation do than other higher-order aberrations. SA becomes more negative with accommodation, and this change is larger in older individuals. Accommodative miosis is useful for ameliorating the increase in higher-order aberrations with accommodation.

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Talent management and organizational commitment:the partial mediating role of pay satisfaction Abstract Purpose -the purpose of this study is to better understand the role of pay satisfaction and employee perception of talent management in business loyalty strategies, which implies considering both economic and non-economic variables in order to achieve organizational success.Design/methodology/approach -results from a survey of 198 workers were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) based on three constructs (confirmatory factor analysis, CFA). The scales used were: employee perception of talent management, pay satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Pay satisfaction acts as a mediating variable in the significant relationship between the perception of talent management and organizational commitment.Findings -the partial mediating model hypothesised was supported by the SEM model, indicating that loyalty strategies require both good talent management and a good compensation system. Research limitations/implications -the article promotes the use of mediating variables as anexplanation to better understand the strategies of loyalty in the management of talent, framed within the model of the resource-based view (RBV) theory.Practical implications -the implications are important for practitioners, who normally put every effort into strategies related to economic reinforcement, since the model suggests that they should also strive to correctly apply talent management.Social implications -the study suggests the need to understand better retributive systems with an application of talent management based on improvement and professional development.2 Originality/value -the originality lies in the article stating that the application of good talent management must be complemented with adequate compensation systems in order to achieve efficient retention strategies for talented employees.

Key Words: negative relative accommodation, positive relative accommodation, general binocular dysfunctions C linical evaluation of accommodative and vergence system is an essential part of the study of visual function. The diagnosis of general binocular disorders is performed by means of analysis of accommodative and binocular tests. Some of these tests can be cataloged specifically as accommodative or binocular, basically being assessed in open-loop conditions for the vergence system. This is the case for the cover test, monocular accommodative amplitude, or monocular accommodative facility. However, the remaining tests offer results that are notably influenced by the interactions between accommodation and vergence. As an example, we have the monocular estimate method of dynamic retinoscopy (MEM method), fusional vergences, or relative accommodation.Special attention is given to fusional vergences and relative accommodations. They evaluate the amount of vergence and accommodation that varies while the stimulus that generates the response in the other system remains constant. Any alteration in the accommodative or vergence system could influence the other system and result in abnormal values of these tests.Traditionally, fusional vergence results have been considered more important than the findings of relative accommodation. Thus, Saladin 1 suggests that if the accommodative amplitude, the values of accommodative facility, and those of fusional vergences at far and near distance are known, relative accommodations do not offer new information. Due to the interactions between accommodation and vergence, the values of fusional vergences and relative accommodations are so related that one would think that it is not necessary to study them together in a visual analysis. In fact, some authors 2-6 do not use relative accommodations for diagnosing general binocular disorders, more because of a question of duplicity than for not being a valid test. However, other authors use relative accommodations as a reference in the diagnosis of accommodative and vergence dysfunctions 7-11 or as tests associated with the visual function. 12 In most of the previous cases, positive relative accommodation (PRA) and negative relative accommodation (NRA) are used as complementary diagnostic tests of some disorders. Hokoda 7 used a low PRA (Յ1.25 D) as one of two supplementary signs that needed to be present in accommodative insufficiency. Scheiman et al. 8 also used PRA for diagnosing accommodative dysfunction and considered that a low value of NRA (Ͻ1.50 D) was related to convergence insufficiency.Porcar and Martínez-Palomera 9 considered a low NRA (Յ1.50 D) and PRA (Յ1.25 D) associated with accommodative infacility, and they also used this low value of PRA for diagnosing accommodative insufficiency. Finally, García et al. 10 and Lara et al. 11 used 1040-5488/02/7912-0779/0 VOL. 79, NO. 12, PP. 779-787

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Modern methods of measuring the refractive state of the eye include wavefront sensors which make it possible to monitor both static and dynamic changes of the ocular wavefront while the eye observes a target positioned at different distances away from the eye. In addition to monitoring the ocular aberrations, wavefront refraction methods allow measurement of the accommodative response while viewing with the eye's habitual chromatic and monochromatic aberrations present, with these aberrations removed, and with specific aberrations added or removed. A large number of experiments describing the effects of accommodation on aberrations and vice versa are reviewed, pointing out the implications for fundamental questions related to the mechanism of accommodation.

According to the sensitivity results, with both cutoffs used, failing the +/- 2 D MAF test seems to be the sign that is most associated with the accommodative insufficiency.