Trout production is a growing activity in recent years but requires new alternative sources of feed to be sustainable over time. The objective of this research was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) of kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus L), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), sacha inchi, (Plukenetia volubilis L) and jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) meal in juvenile rainbow trout. The experimental diets were composed of a 70% basal diet and 30% of any raw materials. The ADC was determined by the indirect method using insoluble ash as a non-digestible marker. Jumbo squid, sacha inchi and quinoa showed the highest values of ADC (%) of DM (84.5, 73.5 and 69.7), OM (89.1, 78.4 and 72.9), CP (93.2, 98.0 and 90.3), and DE (4.57, 4.15 and 2.95 Mcal/kg DM), respectively. The ADC values for kañiwa, kiwicha and bean were significantly lower. In conclusion, quinoa meal and jumbo squid meal have an acceptable digestibility but sacha inchi meal is a potential alternative for rainbow trout feeding in the future.

Efecto de la suplementación de proteína y energía sobre la producción láctea, densidad, sólidos totales, grasa y nitrógeno ureico en la leche de vacas Brown Swiss en condiciones hipobáricas naturalesEffect of protein and energy supplementation on milk yield, density, total solids, fat and milk urea nitrogen in Brown Swiss cows under natural hypobaric conditions El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto de la ratio energía / proteína de las raciones alimenticias suplementarias (RAS) sobre la producción y características de la leche en condiciones hipobáricas naturales (4300 m de altitud en Puno, Perú). Se distribuyeron al azar 24 vacas Brown Swiss de primer y segundo tercio de lactación en tres RAS con tres ratios de energía metabolizable / proteína (RAS1: 17.0 kcal/g; RAS2: 14.2 kcal/g; RAS3: 12.4 kcal/g) y como fuente de proteína tres niveles de harina hidrolizada de pieles de ovino y alpaca -Pioval-2 ® (0, 3 y 6%, respectivamente) y tres niveles de harina de soya integral extruida (0, 10 y 15%, respectivamente). Las vacas estaban al pastoreo sobre cultivo de alfalfa asociado a rye grass y recibieron ensilado de avena. Se determinó la producción diaria de leche (PDL) durante 45 días, así como la densidad (DE), sólidos totales (ST), grasa (GR) y nitrógeno ureico en la leche (NUL) a los 0, 15, 30 y 45 días. Las RAS no afectaron la PDL (17.7, 18.8 y 19.0 kg/día) ni la DE (1,031, 1,031 y 1,030 g/l, respectivamente) de la leche. La RAS2 incrementó los ST y GR (13.0%, 4.2%) con relación a RAS1 (12.4%, 3.8%) y RAS3 (12.2%, 3.9%) (p<0.01) en la leche, respectivamente. Con la disminución de la fracción energía / proteína en las raciones el NUL aumentó proporcionalmente (RAS1: 28.9; RAS2: 32.3; RAS3: 36.8 mg/dl; p<0.001). En conclusión, el aumento de la fracción energía / proteína de la ración de concentrado no afectó la producción ni la densidad de la leche, pero mejoró el contenido de sólidos totales y grasa; mientras que la reducción de la ratio energía / proteína en la ración incrementó consistentemente el nitrógeno ureico en la leche. Palabras clave: vacas; ración alimenticia; ratio energía / proteína; composición de la leche; NUL Rev Inv Vet Perú 2019; 30(4): 1504-1514 Suplementación proteico-energética en vacas lecheras ABSTRACTThis study aimed to determine the effect of the energy / protein ratio of supplementary feed rations (RAS) on the production and characteristics of milk under natural hypobaric conditions (4300 m altitude in Puno, Peru). A total of 24 Brown Swiss cows in first and second third of lactation were distributed in three RAS with three ratios of metabolizable energy / protein (RAS1: 17.0 kcal/g; RAS2: 14.2 kcal/g; RAS3: 12.4 kcal/ g) and as a protein source three levels of hydrolysed sheep and alpaca skins -Pioval-2® (0, 3 and 6%, respectively) and three levels of extruded whole soymeal (0, 10 and 15%, respectively). The cows were grazing on alfalfa associated with rye grass and supplemented with oat silage. Daily milk yield (DMY) was recorded for 45 days, as well as density (DE), total s...

Background The protein source from fish meal is very important in trout feeding, but it is expensive and very scarce. Alternative nutrient sources are required to achieve sustainability as trout production rapidly grows in Peru. The objective of this research was to determine the proximate chemical composition and the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, and digestible energy of hydrolyzed sheep (HSS) and alpaca (HSA) skins in juvenile rainbow trout. Methods A total of 450 fishes were randomly distributed in nine digestibility tanks, with 60.0 ± 1.32 g of initial weight and 6.4 kg/m3 of stocking density. The water quality parameters were as follows: pH 8.4, temperature 11.5 °C, and dissolved oxygen 6.2 mg/l. The skin hydrolysates were treated at 130 °C with 15 psi pressure for 120 min. Fish were fed a reference diet and an experimental diet containing 70% reference diet and 30% skin hydrolysate. The ingredients of the diets were mixed and then extruded at 95 °C with 4-mm diameter (Extruder Khal® EE800). The ADC was determined by the indirect method using insoluble ash as a non-digestible marker. Results The ADC in HSS and HSA was similar for dry matter (67.7 vs 69.1%), organic matter (66.9 vs 68.2%), crude protein (70.4 vs 70.1%), and digestible energy (3.35 vs 3.24 Mcal/kg DM), but crude fat values were different (12.3 vs 48.0%; p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion The hydrolyzed sheep and alpaca skins had a high content of macronutrients with an acceptable apparent digestibility of nutrients, making them a viable alternative to improve the nutritive value of more economical feeds for rainbow trout feed.

The study was carried out at the La Raya Experimental Center of the National University of the Altiplano of Puno at an altitude of 4200m, with the aim of evaluating the effect of additional post-ovulation copulations on embryonic survival. Huacaya alpacas were used with postpartum sexual rest greater than 20 days, with a preovulatory follicle greater than 7 mm, verified by ultrasound. For the controlled mating, 5 males from the breeding group were used. After breeding, 26 to 35 hours post-mating, ovulation was verified, selecting 47 alpacas that ovulated, and distributed to the experimental groups: G1 (n = 16) with no additional mating, G2 (n = 15) received an additional mating 24 hours post-ovulation, and G3 (n = 16) two additional mating 48 hours post-ovulation. On days 14 and 24 after copulation, the presence of the corpus luteum and embryonic vesicle was verified by ultrasound and receptivity of the female to the male. Results show a higher percentage of embryo survival trend in alpacas that received additional mating at 24 and 48 h post-ovulation than those that received only one ovulatory mating, showing at 14 days post-copulation an embryonic survival of 93,3% and 87,5%, in G2 and G3 respectively, compared to G1 with 75%, and at 24 days post-copulation 86,7% and 87,5% in G2 and G3 respectively, compared to G1 (62,5%). Although no significant differences were observed between groups (P>0,05), the difference is observed in the simple correspondence analysis between groups.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las principales características físicas y correlaciones del diámetro de fibra (DF), coeficiente de variación (CVDF), factor de confort (FC) y factor de picazón (FP) de la fibra de alpaca en la zona agroecológica seca de la región Puno, Perú. Se colectaron 14 068 muestras de fibra que fueron analizadas con el equipo OFDA 2000. Se consideraron los factores sexo (macho, hembra), raza (Suri, Huacaya), edad (DL: dientes de leche; 2 DL: dos dientes; 4D: cuatro dientes; BLL: boca llena) y provincia (Melgar, Chucuito, Puno, El Collao, Lampa, San Román) a través de un arreglo factorial de 2×2×4×6. El DF estuvo influenciado por la edad, sexo, raza y provincia (p<0.01), siendo de menor diámetro en alpacas diente DL (20.10 μm) y de mayor grosor en BLL (23.29 μm). En machos fue 21.25 μm y en hembras 21.91 μm (p<0.05) y en alpacas Huacaya 21.25 μm y en Suri 22.21 μm (p<0.05). Las variables CVDF y FP variaron según edad, sexo, raza y provincia (p<0.01), al igual que el FC con excepción del sexo. El DF y FC mostró (r=-0.89) correlación alta y negativa y el DF con CVDF tuvo una correlación baja y negativa (r=-0.11). Las correlaciones del FC y FP fueron negativas y altas (r=-0.67). Las alpacas de la zona agroecológica seca de la región de Puno producen una buena calidad de fibra con buen potencial para su mejoramiento genético.