We evaluated the antimicrobial activity and some mechanisms used by subinhibitory and inhibitory concentrations of the essential oil, obtained from leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus, against a standard strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 5 multiresistant clinical isolates of the bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), the rate of kill and the pH sensitivity of the essential oil were determined by microdilution tests performed in 96-well plates. Subinhibitory and inhibitory concentrations of the essential oil were tested in order to check its action on K. pneumoniae membrane permeability, capsule expression, urease activity and cell morphology. The MIC and MBC of the essential oil were 0.09 ± 0.01%. A complete inhibition of the bacterial growth was observed after 2 h of incubation with twice the MIC of the essential oil. A better MIC was found when neutral or alkaline pH broth was used. Alteration in membrane permeability was found by the increase of crystal violet uptake when the bacteria were incubated with twice the MIC levels of the essential oil. The urease activity could be prevented when all the subinhibitory concentrations were tested in comparison to the untreated group (p < 0.001). Alteration of the bacterial morphology besides inhibition of the capsule expression was verified by atomic force microscopy, and Anthony's stain method, respectively. Our data allow us to conclude that the essential oil of P. amboinicus can be a good candidate for future research.
The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng against MRSA clinical isolates. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract (HE), the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction and its subfractions were determined by broth microdilution and bioautography against MRSA clinical isolates. The microdilution checkerboard method was used to assess in vitro drug combination studies. To induce abscess formation, bacterial suspensions were added to Citodex and inoculated subcutaneously into male Swiss mice. The treatment protocol consisted of 2 doses of HE, the EA fraction or vancomycin introduced intraperitoneally into mice 3 and 12 h after infection. The EA fraction and its subfractions presented the lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC, 0.25 to 0.5 mg/mL). The plant samples were bacteriostatic at 2x and 4x MIC and bactericidal at 100 mg/mL. The EA fraction presented synergism with vancomycin and an additive effect with ciprofloxacin. A significant reduction of abscess volume, bacterial cell counts in abscess slurries, and inflammatory scores was observed in the HE and EA fraction-treated groups. The samples were effective in treating the animals in a dose-dependent fashion. The present study proved the effectiveness of P. amboinicus fractions against MRSA using in vitro and in vivo assays.
Pseudobombax marginatum, é uma planta medicinal amplamente utilizada na região Potiguar. Suas propriedades medicinais estão relacionadas principalmente a produção de metabólitos secundários. A identificação preliminar desses metabolitos é essencial para os estudos dos efeitos farmacológicos de plantas medicinais. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar os principais constituintes químicos dos extratos hidroalcoólicos da entrecasca e da folha de P. marginatum. O material vegetal foi coletado nos meses de fevereiro e maio de 2015, na FLONA-Assú, Rio Grande do Norte. Os extratos foram obtidos através da maceração com álcool 70%. O estudo fitoquímico para a identificação de fenóis, taninos, antocianinas, antocianidinas, flavonoides, leucoantocianidinas, catequinas, flavanonas, alcaloides, saponinas, esteroides, triterpenoides, quinonas e antraquinonas, seguiu a metodologia descrita por Matos (1997). Ambos os extratos, entrecasca e folha, apresentaram compostos como fenóis, taninos, saponinas, esteroides livres, alcaloides e flavonoides. Todos esses compostos apresentam propriedades farmacológicas, citadas na literatura, que corroboram com o uso popular de P. marginatum. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para legitimar o uso seguro desta planta medicinal.
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