Fungal chitosan is a polymer that has been discussed and studied since 1859 in the world with great advances occurring over the years. Due to its global importance, this review aims to expose the history of the production and application of fungal chitosan in Brazil. Data collection was done at the Scielo, Sciencedirect and Pubmed databases, considering the period of the last 50 years. The inclusion criteria were articles on pure or associated chitosan and, in particular, fungal chitosan produced or applied by Brazilian research groups. At the end of the review, it was noticed a fungal chitosan very studied in different continents, and in Brazil is still used in specific and small groups. With the present work, it is expected that the diffusion of the studies will be accelerated and that potential research groups for fungal chitosan may grow through interaction with the existing ones.

RESUMO:O uso indiscriminado de antibióticos no tratamento de mastite ocasiona a seleção da microbiota resistente, dificultando o tratamento da doença. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo, testar a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato hidroalcoólico da casca de Jucá (Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L. P. Queiroz) em diferentes concentrações contra micro-organismos causadores de mastite em caprinos. Foram isoladas 18 estirpes bacterianas de cabras com mastite crescidas em meio ágar sangue as quais foram transferidas para caldo BHI e após o crescimento, foi feito o teste antimicrobiano pela técnica de difusão em discos, usando os seguintes antibióticos: Ampicilina, Cefalexina, Gentamicina, Penicilina G e Oxacilina. Foram testadas também três concentrações de extrato hidroalcoólico de L. ferrea (extrato bruto, extrato 70% (v/v) e extrato 50% (v/v)). Os microorganismos isolados apresentaram alta resistência a ampicilina, penicilina G e oxacilina, apresentando resistência de 88, 83 e 77%, respectivamente. O extrato bruto apresentou uma eficiência de 61,1% na inibição dos micro-organismos em teste. O extrato hidroalcoólico bruto da casca de L. ferrea tem potencial como antimicrobiano natural contra micro-organismos causadores de mastite caprina. Palavras-chave antibióticos; leite caprino; sensibilidade ABSTRACT: Dairy goat production is of great importance for the economy of the Northeast. Inadequate handling of goats causes a number of diseases that affect the production, among them, mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary glands, caused by a broad spectrum of microorganisms. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis causes the process of microbial resistance, which makes treating the disease. This study aims to test the antimicrobial activity of hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of Juca (Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P.Queiroz) against microorganisms causing mastitis in goats. We isolated 18 bacterial strains grown on blood agar medium were transferred to BHI and after growth, antimicrobial testing was done by disc diffusion technique, using the following antibiotics: ampicillin, cephalexin, gentamicin, penicillin G and oxacillin. Three concentrations were tested extract of L. Ferrea (crude extract, extract 70% and extract 50%). The results show that micro-organisms has high resistance to ampicillin, penicillin G, oxacillin, with resistor 88, 83 and 77% respectively. The crude extract showed an efficiency of 61.1% in the inhibition of microorganisms. The results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of L ferrea iron as natural antimicrobial is effective against microorganisms causing mastitis goats.

Animal chitosan (Chit-A) is gaining more acceptance in daily activities. It is used in a range of products from food supplements for weight loss to even raw materials for producing nanoparticles and hydrogel drug carriers; however, it has low antioxidant activity. Fungal oligochitosan (OChit-F) was identified as a potential substitute for Chit-A. Cunninghamella elegans is a fungus found in the Brazilian savanna (Caatinga) that produces OligoChit-F, which is a relatively poorly studied compound. In this study, 4 kDa OChit-F with a 76% deacetylation degree was extracted from C. elegans. OChit-F showed antioxidant activity similar to that of Chit-A in only one in vitro test (copper chelation) but exhibited higher activity than that of Chit-A in three other tests (reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and iron chelation). These results indicate that OChit-F is a better antioxidant than Chit-A. In addition, Chit-A significantly increased the formation of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro, particularly those of the monohydrate (COM) type; however, OChit-F had no effect on this process in vitro. In summary, OChit-F had higher antioxidant activity than Chit-A and did not induce the formation of CaOx crystals. Thus, OChit-F can be used as a Chit-A substitute in applications affected by oxidative stress.

ABSTRACT:The goat is represented by a very considerable effective in the Northeastern Brazil, but infections caused by nematodes and the serious problem of parasitic resistance have become barriers to breed these animals. Alternatively, the control with bioproducts comes as a sustainable and viable solution to help breeding in this region. In this context, the present study evaluated the performance of fungal chitosan on the larval development of gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goat samples. Therefore, the selection was performed at five properties. The positive herd was confirmed, and coprocultures were performed with chitosan solution 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, with each treatment performed in 5 replicates. The third-stage larvae (L3) were recovered and one hundred larvae/treatment were counted and identified. The identified genera were Haemonchus, Strongyloides, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. In the analysis of inhibition of larval development, the concentration of 1.0% prevented the development of larval Haemonchus by 35%, but the results were not statistically significant. Thus, it is suggested to seek new concentrations of fungal chitosan as anthelmintic, since it appears as a promising alternative to sustainable control of these endoparasites.KEYWORDS: larvicidal activity; natural anthelmintics; parasitic infection. RESUMO:A caprinocultura é representada por um efetivo bastante considerável no Nordeste brasileiro, porém, infecções causadas por nematoides e o sério problema da resistência parasitária se tornaram barreiras para a criação desses animais. Como alternativa, o controle com bioprodutos entra como uma solução sustentável e viável para auxiliar na criação da região. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho avaliou a atuação da quitosana fúngica sobre o desenvolvimento larval de nematoides gastrintestinais em amostras de caprinos naturalmente infectados. Para tanto, foi realizada a seleção de 5 propriedades e confirmada a positividade do rebanho, além de coproculturas com solução de quitosana a 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5%, com cada tratamento realizado em 5 repetições. As larvas de terceiro estágio (L3) foram recuperadas e cem larvas por tratamento foram contabilizadas e identificadas. Os gêneros identificados foram Haemonchus, Strongyloides, Oesophagostomum e Trichostrongylus. Na análise da inibição do desenvolvimento larval, a concentração de 1,0% impediu o desenvolvimento larval do Haemonchus em 35%, porém, os resultados não tiveram diferença estatística significante. Assim, sugere-se buscar novas concentrações de quitosana fúngica como anti-helmíntico, visto que se apresenta como uma alternativa promissora no controle sustentável desses endoparasitos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:atividade larvicida; anti-helmínticos naturais; infecção parasitária.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract