Abstract. Smart cities are proposed as a medium-term option for all cities. This article aims to propose an architecture that allows cities to provide solutions to interconnect all their elements. The study case focuses in locating and optimized regulation of traffic in cities. However, thanks to the proposed structure and the applied algorithms, the architecture is scalable in size of the sensor network, in functionality or even in the use of resources. A simulation environment which is able to show the operation of the architecture in the same way that a real city would, is presented.
Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC)-based clonality assessment is a powerful method of diagnosis and follow-up in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma (MM). However, the relevance of intraclonal heterogeneity in immunophenotypic studies remains poorly understood. The main objective of this work was to characterize the different immunophenotypic subclones in MGUS and MM patients and to investigate their correlation with disease stages. An 8-color MFC protocol with 17 markers was used to identify the subclones within the neoplastic compartment of 56 MGUS subjects, 151 newly diagnosed MM patients, 30 MM subjects in complete remission with detectable minimal residual disease, and 36 relapsed/refractory MM patients. Two or more clusters were observed in > 85% of MGUS subjects, 75% of stage I MM patients, and < 15% in stage III. Likewise, a significant correlation between the dominant subclone size, secondary cytogenetic features, and changes in the expression of CD27, CD44, and CD81 was detected. The loss of intraclonal equilibrium may be an important factor related with kinetics and risk of progression not well considered to date in MFC studies. The MFC strategy used in this work can provide useful biomarkers in MGUS and MM.
We describe an exceptional case of erythroid sarcoma in a pediatric patient as a growing orbital mass with no evidence of morphologic bone marrow involvement, who was finally diagnosed of pure erythroid sarcoma based on histopathology and flow cytometry criteria. We discuss the contribution of standardized eight-color flow cytometry as a rapid and reliable diagnostic method. The use of normal bone marrow databases allowed us to identify small aberrant populations in bone marrow and later confirm the diagnosis in the neoplastic tissue.
A 37-year-old man with no significant past family or personal medical history was admitted to the hospital for persistent eosinophilia detected during a routine check-up. He denied recent travel and was not a smoker, alcoholic, or drug addict. He did not have any history of allergic disease and was not exposed to any toxins or pesticides. Physical examination was normal. His complete blood examination revealed hemoglobin 122 g/dL, total leukocyte count 9 ϫ 10 9 /L with an absolute eosinophil count of 6 ϫ 10 9 /L; platelet count was 200 ϫ 10 9 /L. A peripheral blood film showed many morphologic abnormalities of eosinophils, including of size, granulation, and nuclear lobulation (panels A-B). Red blood cells and platelets were normal and there were no circulating blast cells. The bone marrow exhibited 45% to 55% eosinophilic hyperplasia and 30% of myeloid blast cells (panel C; blue arrows show blast cells). Abnormal eosinophils with dysplastic granules were present. Molecular analysis on peripheral blood cells showed the rearrangement of FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene. Other hematologic neoplasms or reactive eosinophilia were excluded. The patient was diagnosed with myeloproliferative neoplasm with eosinophilia and abnormalities of PDGFRA (according to the 2008 World Health Organization's Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Most cases with rearranged PDGFRA have persistent chronic eosinophilia, but presentation as AML is uncommon. The patient responded to an earlier use of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Imatinib).For additional images, visit the ASH IMAGE BANK, a reference and teaching tool that is continually updated with new atlas and case study images. For more information visit
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